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August 29 A Chinese Student's Interview with the Dalai LamaA Chinese Student's Interview with the Dalai Lama
After the turmoil in early March, China’s media heavily attacked the Dalai Lama as the sponsor of violence in Tibet, setting off a surge of nationalistic reactions among Chinese students and immigrants around the globe. Is the whole world hoodwinked by the simple monk, or are we who built up blind hatred based on distorted information? Either case, as a student supporting the Olympic Games and an individual who has determined to make contributions to the harmonious society, I do not wish to see Chinese and Tibetan peoples hating each other due to lack of necessary communications. With some questions and advice, I came to Colgate University and met with the Dalai Lama in a private house on April 24th, 2008.
In fact, after watching the turmoil in Lhasa on the Internet, some friends and I organized a panel discussion on Tibet in the International Affairs Building at Columbia University, where we included not only Tibetan speaks such as the Dalai Lama’s representative to the United States, Director of Tibetan Youth Congress in US, but also scholars such as Director of Modern Tibetan Studies at Columbia, as well as a political analyst representing the views of the Chinese government. It has been our firm belief that the best way to resolve bias and misunderstanding is through free exchange of ideas among people with different perspectives from all walks of life. The discussion lasted for three hours, with around one hundred and eighty attendees, including some of my friends and classmates, who, even at that time, had expressed their wish of hearing the Dalai Lama’s positions towards the Olympic Games, Tibet’s future and the Youth Congress.
So on April 22nd, I zigzagged through the highway system without satellite signals, and managed to arrive at the very beautiful upstate institute, Colgate University, where His Holiness was giving a lecture on “happiness.” Five thousand eager faces crowded in the lecture hall where a fresh energy was surging through the air. Sitting in the ballroom between two large screens, he spoke slowly in a sincere manner. Despite making some occasional grammar mistakes, he was clearly a man of swift intelligence and great personal charisma. During the two-hour lecture, the main theme was always about compassion, pity, tolerance, understanding and forgiveness. After the event, when the audience was slowly dissolving into the beautiful campus with smiling content, I saw twenty Chinese students waving national flags outside the lecture hall and shouting “We’re one family, don’t break it!” Due to sore throat, I couldn’t engage more communication with my fellow students, but I thought when seeing the Dalai Lama I would ask some serious questions that we all care about.
On the 24th, in Colgate Inn, a beautiful hotel with classic renaissance style decorations, after meeting several Buddhist students, the Dalai Lama was going to hold a news conference with Chinese media, including the Xinhua News Agency. He shook hands with each journalist as he walked into the small conference room, where some fifteen journalists representing ten media groups had set up their equipments behind the chairs. A female journalist not knowing the proper etiquette put a hada over his neck. Throughout the press conference, he explained his commitment to non-violence, his support to the ‘greater unity’ between Han Chinese and Tibetans, his promise of not-seeking-independence and his support to the Games, which he wishes to attend.
Finally at noon, we were led to the front yard of a two-floored house where a security check was friendly operated by some officers who, after asking where I am studying, were a little surprised by being boldly asked back where they are working. They were not those legendary CIA agents, but working for the State Department. At the door, the Dalai Lama and a Tibetan monk along with some staffs from the delegation greeted us. Following Tibetan custom, I shook hands with His Holiness and offered him a hada which represents purity; he pronounced “huan yin (welcome)” in Chinese, inviting me to sit down on the sofa. I mentioned that the feverish emotions displayed by people discussing the Tibet issue are perhaps due to the limited information received and the lack of real heart-to-heart communications between Chinese and Tibetans, especially the younger generations. I was hoping to hear his opinions.
The Dalai Lama felt that this is a serious moment as both sides are too emotional, and explained the Tibetan sentiments through historical perspectives. Before Yuan Dynasty, Tibet remained relatively independent, not being part of any central administration. Even since Yuan Dynasty, from Tibetan point of view, the relationship between the emperors of China and Tibet is not like that between a subject and a ruler, but like the relationship between a priest and a patron. Tibet was an independent nation before the Liberation Army entered Tibet. Before 1949, taxes were not collected in Tibetan area. Occasionally, some Chinese came like warlords and collected money, and created some trouble, burning down some monasteries, but the essential Tibetan life remained the same; there was no control or restrictions. After 1949, since the Liberation Army came representing the new government, of course much powerful and much organized, Tibetan life in every field had some kind of interference or control. So in 1956, the reform started in the common area, which was good and necessary, but the manner of the reform, mainly class struggle, carrying the same manner as in the mainland, was simply unfit in Tibet. Unlike that in mainland China, the relationship between landlord and peasants was generally like that between parents and children, landlord often showing great compassion and care. During the reform, landlords were thrown into prisons, some cases serfs beating the landlords. In other cases serfs remained silent and kept crying. Then resentment came, and uprising started, from Tibet to Xikang in the year of 56 and 57, and then spread to the whole area in 57 and 58. Numerous Tibetans were killed. A notebook that the Tibetans obtained from a Chinese military officer tells that from March 1959 to September 1960, eighty-seven thousand Tibetans lost their lives in Lhasa. Several thousand Chinese soldiers were also killed. The whole event was “very very sad”.
In 1954 the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama both as representatives of National People's Congress went to Beijing and other cities from central Tibet. He showed a moving voice when he was in reminiscence of the scenes: “Chairman Mao was a great person, talking slowly with me, and very dignified, each word, occasionally some coughing, is really wonderful. I was so much impressed. During that period I also had opportunities to visit some heavy industries—since childhood, I had a keen interest in mechanical things, so I was interested in visiting big factories. At local places, party secretaries, vice secretaries, provincial governors and majors dined with us, drinking Maotai (the most famous Chinese liquor), though I couldn’t drink. I met all levels of officials and party members, many of which participated in the Long March. At that time, I was very interested in Marxism, so when I was in Beijing, I told communist party officials that I want to join the communist party. They told me to ‘wait a little bit’. In the summer of 1955, I left Beijing for Lhasa, and met Commander Zhang Guohua en route, a very nice person, Comrade Zhang Guohua, who was traveling from Lhasa to Beijing. I told him, ‘last year when I was traveling from Lhasa to Beijing, my heart was full of doubt and anxiety, but traveling on the same road back to Tibet now, I am full of confidence and hope.’
“At that time, not only I myself wanted to join the Communist Party, there were also several hundred Tibetans who already joined the Communist Party during the 30s and 40s. I knew a Tibetan Communist from my hometown, who had some injuries on the nose, who proudly stated to us that it was due to a Japanese bullet, because he participated in the Sino-Japanese war; he was a member of the Communist guerilla force. I was not a communist but almost like an alternate member. Now those Chinese, unlike previous Chinese, are revolutionary-minded, very caring about brotherhood, socialism and equality. The nationalists and the Manchurians always made differences between minorities. But these Tibetan communists really felt proud of being communists and part of People’s Republic of China. Chairman Mao made the Seventeen Points, in which one point mentioned Military and Political Committee. We were very afraid seeing the word ‘military’, but when we saw the frame of autonomy, everyone was very happy. Then in the year of 1956, Autonomic Region Preparation Committee was founded. Foreign Minister and Martial Chen Yi, who addressed up as a Martial in a big ceremony, actually, it was he who emphasized the importance of establishing a unified autonomous region. So what we refer to as “all Tibetan area”, which includes the whole Tibet, part of Sichuan,Qinghai, Gansu and Xikang, was first promised by Chen Yi.”
Telling from the Dalai Lama’s feelings and sentiments, he showed true sincerity in reminiscence of those veteran revolutionaries of the Communist Party, and cherished very much the relationship with the central government. I think without the Dalai Lama’s influence and advocacy for non-violence, it would not have been possible for people living in the area, where the Dalai Lama is being worshiped as the Living Buddha, to live without long-term, large-scale violence and bloodshed. On the other hand, if the Chinese government could take heed to the reasons and sentiments behind the long-held resentment of Tibetan people, so as to deal with Tibetan affairs with greater flexibility, then “Tibetan loyalty to Han Chinese will naturally come.”
While I was having a moment’s reflection, his staffs reminded us that His Holiness had to go to the airport soon. So I hurried to proceed to the next part, which is the main purpose of my trip: seeking the creation of multiple communicative channels for exchange of views between Chinese and Tibetan people, which is of crucial importance for “minzu da tuanjie” (Great Unity of Ethnic Groups). I proposed the initiation for open-letter exchanges between Chinese and Tibetan students, to be posted on a website with translations in both English and Chinese, so that both peoples (and the whole world) can explore each other’s feelings and sentiments. Television debate(s) may also be held between overseas Chinese and Tibetan students on an American television channel. He enthusiastically endorsed those proposals, adding that in times of crisis, instead of being antagonistic or hating each other, people may discuss and explore what is real happening. I also mentioned that a very good friend of mine, who is a computer scientist, volunteers to make documentary films on the life of Tibetan settlements in India. He was very happy hearing about it and asked his delegation to give full support. His Holiness also accepted the advice that whenever he visits a place abroad, he should meet local Chinese students and immigrants, promoting the exchange of views and clearing up misunderstandings, accumulating grassroots support from Han Chinese.
Even in terms of the “Greater Tibetan Area”, he showed much room for further discussion. I advised him to return Tibet at any price, for the creation of two Dalai Lamas would not only bring too much controversy, but violence would also ensue, as his non-violence influence would fade and a Lamaist church outside Tibet would be accused of being out-of-touch. So a high degree of flexibility should be maintained, if not to abandon entirely the idea of “Greater Tibetan Area”. He responded that he welcomes any discussion regarding the issue, but the Tibetan people living in other areas have put all their hope, support and trust on him. Also in regard to language and culture, people living in Tibet and other areas are inseparable. What he hopes is that Tibetan people themselves make decisions on internal affairs, that the main posts in local Tibetan government should consist of Tibetans who know the language and culture, so positive outcomes may be ensured for protection of their religion, environment and the unique cultural identity. As for himself, he will not assume any position and will go into complete retirement, handing over all his authority to the local government after returning to Tibet. I think since Chinese government successfully solved Hong Kong and Macao issues with great political wisdom, ensuring their continued political stability and economic prosperity, would these also provide any experience or insights towards China’s Tibet policies? Under the Dalai Lama’s repeated promise of not seeking independence, the possibility of “Tibet governed by Tibetans” should enjoy a plenty of room for consideration. Even if some details were disputed and hard to settle immediately, any constructive discussions and meaningful communications between China and His Holiness would be extremely worthwhile.
Due to time-constraints, I asked only five questions out of the nine ones that I prepared:
1. Do you seek independence? Why? He emphatically answered: “No! For our own interests. Economically, a strong China provides much benefit to six million Tibetans who may live much better and much happier joining China for another thousand years.”
2. Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Jiang Yu said at a press conference on April 8: "The Dalai Lama is the head representative of the serf system, which integrated religion with politics in old Tibet. The 'middle way' approach that the Dalai Lama is pursuing is aimed at restoring his own 'paradise in the past', which will throw millions of liberated serfs back into a dark cage." So do you seek theocratic serfdom? He answered, smiling: “I think since many years, as everybody knows, that we never aim to restore the old system, and even the Dalai Lama institution, as early as 69, I made clear that this institution should continue or not is up to people.”
3. Chinese media portrays the Tibetan Youth Congress as a terrorist organization that supports violence, and also accuses that Your Holiness and the Tibetan Youth Congress are operating on two sides together to split China. How would you explain this situation, and what’s your relationship with the Tibetan Youth Congress? “At the beginning, we thought the Youth Congress was very important, just like any youth organization in a community—youth is the basis of the future. But around 1974, we made up our mind that we will return to China, so independence is out of the question. Therefore, we must find a middle-way, not the present situation, nor independence or separation. But gradually, the Youth Congress becomes very critical towards our position of not seeking independence and separation. So right from the beginning (of course they are Tibetans and Buddhists who often come to see me), I made it clear that your stance is very different from ours. I also often criticize them because they’re not realistic.”
4. When you pass away and the new Dalai Lama is still young, based on what you know, who would most likely assume your position of advocating the ‘middle-way’ appeals? Also, do you think that Tibetan people will accept the China appointed Panchen Lama? “Hopefully, I think I may not be dealing with the question of my reincarnation. As for the two Panchen Lamas, I think the official one Tibetans generally are not very faithful to, so it’s for our mutual interest to avoid such controversies.”
5. China has made many investments in Tibet in the last fifty years. In your opinion, from now on, in Tibet, what are the most important things that China and international groups should devote their financial resources to? “The local people should get some benefit. That’s very important, and some portion must be shared for the constructions of the local condition: hospitals, schools and some economic projects. That’s I think really important.” <http://www.uscn.tv/news_view_I1.asp?newsid=741>
After the meeting, he sincerely stated while holding an Olympic T-shirt: “I feel very happy holding this, because right from the beginning I already support that the famous Olympic Games should take place in the ancient, most populated nation, that is the People’s Republic of China.” < http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VnDzyA6j2I>
And wrote down the following message in Tibetan:
< http://www.konglingxi.com/DLLMnote.jpg>
With an ancient civilization and the greatest population, I pray that China achieves development and is able to provide great contribution towards the welfare of the international community.
From the Shakya monk the Dalai Lama April 24th 2008
When I returned to school, my Tibetan professor told me that for "China" His Holiness uses the Chinese word “Zhong guo”, the People’s Republic of China, NOT the Tibetan word Gyanag, which means traditional China without Tibet.
The meeting lasted for roughly 75 minutes, and I was deeply impressed by his sincerity and hospitality. His advocacy for non-violence, support for the Games and promise of non-independence are all consistent with what he has said and done in the West. As an ordinary overseas Chinese student, I think not only the future of Tibet requires formal discussions between Chinese government and His Holiness, but to abandon hatred and to promote harmony between Chinese and Tibetans also require continuous dialogues and communications between the two peoples, and this is the main purpose of my trip.
Lingxi Kong A fourth year student majoring in Greek and Latin at Columbia University April 26th, 2008 October 29 Modern ChineseModern Chinese is a language greatly in need of shaping, opening and discipline -- new possibilities of expression. That growth will not come from endlessly recycling the same tired patterns; this is precisely why exposure to Greek and Latin and the modern European languages like English, which have all been influenced by them (and Hebrew, and often Celtic literature, and in the case of English its own older, more Germanic forms).
Presumably once having connected with the extraordinary possibilities in other languages, it will be natural to bring those possibilities to Chinese as well. Thus far the biggest outside influence on modern Chinese has, unfortunately, come from the bureaucratic language of Marxism (via German and a sad form of Russian), and modern Chinese, to emerge as a great vehicle of expression, will have to purge itself of that wooden claptrap. People can't spend decades trying to hide their read thoughts behind bureaucratic mud and then expect to be able to write powerful, clear Chinese. As with many other aspects of Chinese civilization, renewal will come from (1) the excavation and critical re-examination of China's own cultural heritage through cross-cultural perspectives and (2) deep encounter with other cultures, primarily the West.
So learn English to explore the wider world and communicate with it meaningfully, Latin and Greek (the very keys to understanding Western civilization from its heart) for intellectual excavations -- but create in Chinese, and thereby help to renovate and rejuvenate the culture of East Asia. In the picture (Ancient Greek): Antigone (my kitten) says: I would confess that I am not a tame animal of their stamp, i.e. that I am far fiercer than them. December 25 Criticism on Scholasticism in History & Philosophy StudiesEnd of Semester Criticisms and Syntheses II: Criticism on Scholasticism in History & Philosophy Studies
End of Semester Criticisms and Syntheses III: Religious Fundamentalism and Real Freedom of a Christian Man November 28 On President BushThis is another essay I wrote for you to ponder. As you may vividly witness the greatnesses and flaws of the US system everyday, you may also be interested of the theme I conveyed behind the words--the epic struggle between pragmatism and idealism in politics, as well as in our life.
On President Bush
Newsweek (a left-wing magazine) launched a poll recently showing that 68% of Americans is dissatisfied with President Bush. So what? Henry Truman left office with one of the lowest approval ratings of any postwar president. But because he defined the contours of US foreign policy through the Greek-Turkish aid program and the Marshall Plan, he is rated as one of America’s strongest and most successful leaders.
Watching the TV, I have often wondered that persons who make boast of professing the principles of Constitution should quarrel with such rancorous animosity, and display daily toward one another such bitter hatred, that this, rather than the virtues which they profess, is the readiest criterion of their faith. Oftentimes, I have also thought that some virtually brainless democrats and anti-Bush liberals should be re-educated to memorize a common sense: A president’s success is measured not by his popularity in the polls but by his domestic and international achievements.
President Bush has no problem of the nineteenth century British Prime Minister Lord Rosebery, whom Winston Churchill said had the misfortune of living in a “time of great men and small events”. Madison saw the War of 1812 as the second American Revolution, wresting back from the British the US’s rights to the seas. Lincoln went to Gettysburg to speak of “a new birth of freedom,” making the Civil War not only about union but about destroying slavery. FDR's “arsenal of democracy” stared down fascist Germany and imperial Japan. Nixon pursued “peace with honor” in Vietnam. And now Bush sees in Iraq “an obligation to help the spread of freedom.”
Without liberating Iraq, Saddam the incarnation of Satan would have slaughtered one hundred times more than that has died in war. And the bed of terrorism may have produced other terrorist attacks around the world. Let this word echoes in childish liberals’ ears: Wrong votes invite attack!
Also, liberals often praise pragmatists and condemn ideologues, asking not “Is it right?” but “Will it work?”, believing that a President should only ask Congress to approve only those measures that polls indicate a majority will support. Like the inhabitants of Plato’s cave, naïve liberals believe only what they see inside the Beltway is life, when in fact it is only a faint shadow of the real world.
President Bush’s wisdom should not be curtailed by fear of unpopularity. History will remember forever his contribution to our interdependent human civilization. He must be bold, and republicans must particularly understand that it is their responsibility to represent the President to the bureaucracy, not the other way round. There is no magic in politics. The US Constitution is an extraordinary document which provides peace and prosperity only when the will and vision of great leaders exercised through democratic system. Yet in the mire of bureaucracy, he should avoid becoming a vassal of the Congress. He must instead use his personal magic charisma as the President to influence, educate, and change people’s mind. He must use his bully pulpit to make what is unpopular popular. Then and only then, shall he deserve bipartisan support for his farsighted policies, shall he really deserve a reputation of THE greatest statesman in his time. October 21 Heroes and HistoryHeroes and History
Carl Marx's claim of founding truest method for studying the economic history of human societies is bounded with a view of life that distrusted the extraordinary man, envied superior abilities and exalted the mediocrity as the inheritors of the planet.
No, the real history of man kind is not the history of prices and wages, but in the lasting contribution made by geniuses to the totality of human civilizations. The history of Germany is not, if one may say it with all courtesy, the history of the common German people, of those nameless men and women who plowed the soil, mended the shoes, sewed the clothes, and vended the goods--the history of Germany is the record of her extraordinary men and women, her inventors, statesmen, scientists, musicians, artists, philosophers and saints.
I see history not as a dull scene of politics and carnage, but as the poetic struggles of great men; the struggle to understand, control and remold themselves and the external world. I see men standing on the edge of knowledge, delivering the burning torch of wisdom further and further into the darkness, eager, curious, ecstatic, and recklessly courageous. I see men carving stones into marvelous forms ennobling men; men crafting minds into better comprehension of greatness enlightening societies; men drafting languages for music and into music; men's brave blood shedding on the nourishing earth overthrowing tyranny and seeding saints; men's ideas and decisions entering decisively and vitally into the course of history. These great heroes of civilizations are the very life-blood of history, to which politics and industry are but frames and bones. For these geniuses, they find in the process of creation more fascinating than any fairy tale, a living godliness more real than any creed.
How many times we may be fascinated by his eloquence like Churchill's, outweighed thousands of regiments and bullets; his farsighted strategy and tactics like Caesar's, glorified his legions, won impossible campaigns and created new civilizations; his vision and undiscourageable effort like Copernicus’s, understood the universe that envelops us; his patience and skill like Michelangelo’s, gave lasting form to transient beauty or an illuminating clarity to subtle significance. If he is a prophet like Christ, gifted in the means of inspiring men, his words may echo around the world and raise poor peoples, impatient of unfortunate suffering, to unpremeditated aspirations and unconquerable power. A Mohammad, an Augustus, an Edison, a Mao-Zedong are effects of numberless causes, and causes of endless effects.
Why don't we give at least ten hours a week to rounding ourselves out with these flowers of civilization, and make friends with those great heroes? When we stand reverent before waterfalls and mountain tops, or under a summer moon on a quiet sea, we forget that how many times we delighted to show that the developing miracles, the living geniuses, are but mediocrities, and that only dead ones are legendary? Let’s make friends with great poets -- Sophocles, Euripides, Virgil, Dante, Shakespeare, Moliere, Goethe, Shelley, Wadsworth; with great art -- the Egyptian and Greco-Roman architecture, the Gothic cathedrals, the Renaissance painters, the composers from Bach to Rachmaninoff; with great statesmen from Hammurabi to George W. Bush; with great thinkers -- Confucius, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Francis Bacon, Newton, Kant, Darwin, Einstein; with great prose writers -- Isaiah, Jeremiah, Demosthenes, Montaigne, Voltaire, Hugo, Balzac; with great historians -- Herodotus, Thucydides, Sima Qian, Gibbon, Macaulay, Michelet, Froude; and with great saints -- Buddha, Jesus, Augustine, Gandhi. We should not be considered as educated until we make many of these geniuses our friends.
Let’s develop royal discipleship from these men and comprehend them with our modest humbleness, to receive their heritage and warm ourselves at the fire that consumes them—this is to receive some enrapture that Holy Spirit give us when we pray, in an altar or a confessional, that we were touching or hearing God.
Let’s cultivate our vast space in the brain in which there is unimaginable energy, and truly understand what man is: Human being is a species that could, when sufficiently inspired, rise to levels of greatness with the gods themselves.
New York Friday, October 21, 2005 August 23 This I believeThis I believe
I see in the Universe so many forms of order, law, system and balance that our finite, frail intelligence measures only a small portion of the cosmic intelligence. So I believe in God not as the vengeful power in the skies, but the creative vitality of nature's life, mind, order and justice. Still, I do not understand God, just like a droplet trying to understand the sea.
I wholeheartedly seek wisdom and the truth. Wisdom, defined by Spinoza, is sub specie eternitatis, in view of eternity; I believe that it is better defined as sub specie totius, in view of the whole. Echoing Plato, I believe that systematic use of our reason can show us the best way of living. In my case, skepticism and criticism are highly indispensable in approaching wisdom.
Before 17, I was deeply impressed by the marvelous story of rapid industrialization of communist states and supported the Communist Party until I discovered, with grief, that it is almost forfeited the history we learned at school and the news in the screen, and the horrible reality lead me to desist from the illusion that such a system could bring a better nation. "You cannot fool all the people all the time", says Lincoln, but the communist replies: I can fool enough of them to rule a large country. During the short interim between the second and the third year of high school, I began reading philosophy, political theory, laws, engaging in promoting elementary justice of society, and paid a heavy price: I was sent to jail and later a FLG concentration camp for voicing my dissenting political opinions; I didn't compromise for I believe that dying for one's country is "dulce et decorum", beautiful and fitting. As the youngest of the "Ten Greatest Inventors in Wuhan", all my inventions are also blocked in China until now. Some top Chinese colleges accepted me but revoked the matriculations when secret police intervened, so I applied to colleges in the US and, under the help of President Bollinger who wrote letters to the highest Chinese authorities when I was hiding in Shanghai and being hunted by the secret police after being admitted to Columbia, I finally managed to pursue my intellectual adventure in the City of New York in August 2004 when I was 20.
I do not resent the conflicts and turmoil in my life, for they have been far outweighed by good fortune, cherished friendship, reasonable health, an acceptable intellect and a promising future. Perfidy, ungratefulness and villains are rare in life; they are indelible because they are rare and exceptional. Struggles and conflicts are not bad things per se, the response matters. Without some situation requiring new responses, without struggling against the conservative background of cynicism and despair, and emancipating oneself from the temporal conflicts, ideals would be untimely and unpractical. Let not cynics tell us that ideals are impractical; they have accomplished great achievements and will accomplish more.
Once I thought that forgiveness is morally wrong for it fails to recognize the worth and dignity of the victim. Forgiveness means that the victim' plight is gone unheeded. It is also politically wrong because the opponents see you setting up a new mental order on the denial of justice. A friend replies: "Forgiveness means you are no longer a victim of what others have put you through. You can finally move on and not being bounded by the past. A great man should know what forgiveness is, because it means that you can control yourself as well as the external world, but never decided by what others do." I thought about it, consented, admiring more her beauty of wisdom and personality. I conceive her thoughts echoing Edmund Burke's, a great political philosopher who said: "Magnanimity in politics is not seldom the truest wisdom, and a great empire and little minds go ill together." The stronger you are the more people you will include in your own ego; Thus the weak exclude by hate, and become weaker. I gradually equipped two qualities that no philosopher or historian is complete without: understanding and forgiveness. I find that to play fair, to treat everyone as if he or she were honorable and well mentioned, to be kind and never hurt people's feelings, to forgive instead of retaliating--all these are the truest wisdom approaching peace and harmony.
I planned to pursue double major in political science and mechanical engineering (in part that I am an inventor) when I came to Columbia with the aspiration that I would bring some institutional changes to China one day. The aspiration remains, but I developed a great interest in history and philosophy, because history tells us how man has behaved in the last six thousand years; one who knows that record is in large measure protected against the illusions and disillusionment of his time, as Napoleon said on St. Helena, “May my son study history for it is the only true philosophy and the only true psychology." I think so many people are choked by news but starved by history; no wonder so few students in school engage in history, and so few of us learn any lessons from the past.
May I give you an example of how history illuminates the present? After the wars of Marius and Sulla, Caesar and Pompey, Octavius and Antony in the last century before Christ, Rome emerged the only unchallenged power in the Mediterranean world. Through the unprecedented supremacy Rome gave two hundred years of peace to the vast empire of the white men's highest civilization stretching from Scotland to the Euphrates, from Gibraltar to the Caucasus. This was the famous Pax Romana; or Roman Peace – the greatest achievement in the history of statesmanship. Anyone who knows the history of Rome could have foreseen – some of us definitely predicted – that the war on terrorism is indispensable in protection of our civilization--our nourishing mother, from external danger, for a world run by terrorists and dictators civilizations are the first casualties, for a world order will come not by a gentlemen's agreement, but through so decisive a victory by one of the great powers that it will be able to dictate and enforce international law, as Rome did from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius. Echoing the old theme--humanitas rarely seen in the bloody tides and waves of human history, in which only a few names are distinguishable from numerous kings and emperors: Ashoka, Augustus, Aurelius, Charlemagne, who helped humanity rather than merely their own countries, we can be delightful now that the contemporary human rights values are more or less ruling the international arena. Obviously there are retrogressions, just as there are periods of failure, fatigue, and rest in a developing individual. But if we conceive the progress of history as whether the average man has increased his ability to control the conditions of his life and environment, the progress is rapid and real.
Some of my friends consider me as an idealist for many reasons. I believe that it is the fundamental openness to challenge and explorations that matters in the long run. I believe that education does not mean to be a certified expert in a certain field so that one's future economic life is secured. Rather, it means that through absorption of moral, intellectual, and aesthetic inheritance of human civilizations, one becomes to understand and control himself as well as the external world. I believe that the ultimate goal of education is to enfranchise one's soul from the transient epicurean world, so that when he dies, he has learned to add courtesy to culture, wisdom to knowledge and, the most important, understanding to forgiveness...
The usual way I would treat disasters is to find 600 inexcusable seconds and fill them with long distance running, for running energizes the body as well as the spirit. I think the best lesson of history is that man is tough; he challenges and survives in numerous crisis and impossibilities, as he will conquer those that agitate us today. Do you recall the movie "Shawshank Redemption"? You may remember during the first evening in Shawshank Prison, other prisoners jeered at Andy, the police beaten his prisonmate to death, while he was sitting in the cell to proceed the first evening of his two life-time imprisonment, amid the debris, alone, impoverished, helpless, desolate; what a picture of humanity after the collapse of Rome, or after the Thirty Years’ War, or Europe after the Second World War! Then twenty years later, suddenly, he disappeared. Then we know that twenty years before, Andy has made his mind to escape; he had been carving a palm of sand everyday, and built a secret tunnel to the defecate pipeline through which he crept five hundred meters, out of the movie and into life -- that is man. However deeply he may seem to have fallen, however great the disaster that appears to have overwhelmed him, he picks himself up, “get busy living or get busy dying,” still eager, curious, imaginative, resolute and marches on. Sometime, somewhere, he will build again. This is the greatest lesson I learned from history. August 08 TIME: Why That's Ridiculous + My CommentsWhy That's Ridiculous July 09 人类文明史反思录 5 人性的历史学反思人性的历史学反思
社会是建立在人的基础上,而不是在空虚的理念之上。人的性格构成造就了社会的结构。如果我们定义人的本性是人类最基本的倾向与感觉,那么这些最基本的倾向和感觉就是作为人类最自然的本能。
人有各种各样积极或消极的本能:战斗与逃亡;探索与回避;社交与封闭;行动与仿惶;主动关爱与被动依赖。这些本能决定着习惯:玩乐与休息,工作与懒惰,好奇心与不关心、操纵和踌躇、沉思和幻想、创新和模仿、艺术和混沌无序、接近和退却、竞争和依赖、斗争和懦弱、统治和臣服、储藏和挥霍、产权和贫穷、交流和孤立、追求承认和恐惧回绝、慷慨和自私、性行为和性变态、求爱和忸怩。这些习惯带来了感觉:积极和劳累、热切和厌倦、惊奇和惶恐、吸收和空虚、美感和疑惑、勇气和焦虑、愤怒和惧怕、高傲和谦卑、敛财和挥霍、友善和敌意、性幻想和性紊乱、父辈关怀和子女愤恨……
我们不难理解,每一种本能产生几种习惯,每种习惯伴随着几种相应的感觉。这些的总和构成人的本性。但人的本性在多大程度上决定历史的进程呢?读过上文“地球和大自然”后不难知道,我们完全可以认定大自然的选择不仅青睐而且强化着生理及心理学的差异。然而,已知的历史展示着在不同历史时期人类的行为并没有太大变化。鞑靼人和阿兹铁克人行为模式类似,而柏拉图时代的古希腊人和最近几个世纪的法国人言行习惯相近。几千年的人类历史,人们改变的只是手段和工具,动机和结果没有变化:行动或休息、获取或给予、战斗或逃离、社交或离群、交配或拒绝、去爱或愤恨。而且人类的行为在不同的社会阶层也没有任何变化,基本上穷人和富人有着同样的冲动,不同的只是富人有较多的物资、机会和技巧去实现那些冲动。历史上再也没有比靠杀戮起家的统治者在使用杀戮方式以镇压异己者时更不遗余力的。
在有历史记载的年月里,人类的进化并非表现在生物学变化上,而是变得更群居更社会化:这并非源于所传承的不同,而在更大程度上因为政治、经济、智慧和道德的变革。整个群体的风俗和传统在“微观”上与个体们的种种本能谐调着,在“宏观”上和其种族适应着。然而,新的环境和条件的的确确产生和变迁着,人类的发展必须屏弃死板和老套的方式,进行改革与创新。任何一个社会的进步都是变化、守旧和革新间相互交织、影响和斗争下的产物。
当形势表面看起来稳定时,保守主义者很自然的拒绝改变以捍卫自己惧怕改变的本能。可是没有任何事物是静止的。他们拒绝改变,并且构造一切理由来阻碍改变,他们的本能便是回避新的方式、守护旧的理念、诉诸旧的体系以对抗新的环境。古往今来,保守派和锁国派在历史上唯一的留名方式是靠手里的权利和利益集团的支持对改革的实施进行百般阻碍,对人类这些最伟大的儿女们进行残酷迫害;他们不惜一切代价甚至诉诸于血腥和暴力以赢得每一场战役,实际上却完全输掉了整个战争;他们期望保护的旧的理念和体系不仅不可能原封不动地存在,他们实际上在用最恶劣的方式把事情做的更糟糕。可是事情依旧在改变,并且改变了。
大多数平民百姓则履行着自己的轨迹,走着属于自己的路程。历史就是对遗产的纪录。这里的遗产并非指法律意义上死者的财产,而是人们对传统的继承——文化、经济、道德、智慧等人类文明的每一个元素。古人没有公共图书馆,缺乏有效信息交流,一生只能接触少数领域的局限性的书籍和知识。世代种田为生的农民,其子女几乎不可能从父辈那里继承到贯穿历史的强大智慧和预测未来的敏锐洞察力。下岗工人的子女在举步为艰的家庭环境下唯一的出路便是在残酷的生存大赛中埋头死读、早找工作以养活家人。而政治家和商人的子女则充分享受着父辈的智慧、资产、人脉,随后继承并丰富着家族的遗产。龙生龙凤生凤,老鼠的儿子会打洞。常规的历史进程在个体身上的体现便是个体对传统和遗产的纪录、保护、传播和使用。遗产增加着,人按比例地随着他所继承的遗产不断成长着。
具有独创性的个体——伟人、英雄、天才,在历史的进步中占据着坚固的位置。他并不是神,但他成长并超越着自己所熟悉的那个时代、那块土壤。他的声音、理念和名字是事件的象征,没有它们新的境界将不可能实现。他的生命可能逸出常规,疾病、困厄、贫穷、灾难排着长队进入他的生活,于是孤独、彷徨、非难、忧伤以及浮名虚位竞相蚕食着他的灵魂。他的肉身在沼泽地行走,灵魂在太空中翱翔,他感受到真正的生命中炽热血液的流淌,倾听到了精神升华的瞬间灵与肉断裂的声音,寻找到了地处的肉身与高处的精神、生活的晦暗与理想的光辉,体味倒瞬间的升华决非凭空的升腾,而只有在沼泽地里才孕育着升腾的力量。在历史挑战中他并不是随机出现的,他可能从小就具有令人非常惊奇的品质,极度卓越的智慧(西塞罗,从小在智慧上就表现出极度卓越的古罗马政治家)、对强权说“不”的超凡勇气(年仅18岁的恺撒在明知会被独裁者苏拉追杀情况下拒绝他的指配婚姻)、对国家与社会的义无反顾的投入(相差10岁的古罗马政治家格拉古兄弟,两人在公元前130-120年时分别提出的一系列改革法案影响至今年的各国宪法),这些极佳的品质让他在面对新的环境、困难和挑战时,对看似无法逾越的种种不可能发出强有力的回声,这些自然品质就像不死鸟的光辉羽翼,它击碎了束缚他进步的常规格局,让他的成长神奇般地冲破着无法逾越的障碍,并随着他获得的新境遇成倍地促进着他的发展,最终他的智慧和决策在历史的挑战中扮演着举足轻重的角色。有多少次我们看到他在民族生死存亡的历史时刻,他的雄辩就像邱吉尔那样抵得上一千个军团。他的远见和谋略就像拿破仑那样可以赢得伟大的战争建立辉煌的霸业,他的先知和预言,就像耶稣那样救赎着千百万人的灵魂。一个使徒彼得、一个爱迪生、一个林肯,一个马克思、一个希特勒、一个毛泽东,他的成长是千万个原因的结果,他的存在也是历史上千万个结果的原因。个人的本性在如此宏伟的程度上影响并决定着历史的进程!
于是历史的进步在这里掷地有声地回应着未来的感召:让我们拒绝任何神化后的超人,真正景仰和关注具有超常意志和能力的勇士与先知。真正的伟人绝对不会甘心屈从于普通大众的循规蹈矩,他诉诸未来的理想和价值观念来超越平庸大众的价值判断,他看透并打破了当时的社会的世俗偏见和各种局限并把自己的灵魂解放出来,他脱离了传统和保守力量的坚固支持,睿智地回应着保守派的顽固迫害,扇动着他光辉的羽翼,翱翔在理想的未来;不仅如此,他用他超人的智慧、宽容的本性来忍受着灵魂的孤寂、生活的苦难,并一次又一次地原谅着市侩的嘲讽、偏见的怒骂、爱情的惨痛、嫉恨的恶毒;他一次又一次地遭遇着重重的惨败和绝境却一路高歌猛进,勇敢而卓越地成长着,并尽可能地谆谆教诲着那些低于他思想的普通大众,殚精竭虑地将他们提升到他的境界——历史也一次又一次地告诉我们:只有这样的人是划时代的、真正的伟人:保罗、甘地、孙中山、伽利略、贝多芬……
从工业时代到信息时代,二十一世纪的人类将再一次体会着在前所未有的新局势下扬弃传统的阵痛。人类必须站在历史的角度,对新的挑战予以有效的回应。世界领导人们在作出决策时只满足当代的享乐主义胃口,还是应该根据历史的教训制订富有远见的政策,更多地去考虑世代以后的子孙会如何希望他们现在做了什么?这将是下几章——宗教、经济、战争、政府等主题所涉及的内容。 June 26 人类文明史反思录 4 自然的历史学教训自然的历史学教训
人类的生命在大地与海洋中变迁兴衰的生物界里只占一个很小的比例。站在夏日的丛林中,我们可以看见或听见无数的生物在蠕动,在爬行,在跳跃,在飞行,在挖掘。受到我们惊吓的小动物纷纷四处逃离,鸟儿飞散开来,鱼儿消失在溪流中。我们会联想到托马斯 哈代的诗句:
当我凝望黎明,池塘, 田野,牛羊,还有枯树, 所有这一切在我看来 像静坐在学校受罚的孩子;
它们发出的声响只是 (一度像是清楚的呼叫, 但此刻却完全是嗫嚅)-- “我们惊奇,真的惊奇,为什么我们在这里!”
突然地,我们觉得人类只是自然界中的一个少数民族,并且我们深深感觉到,人类为了爱情、仇恨、食物、交配、战争的所有努力,本质和这些藏在树下,水中,和地洞里的动物相互捕杀、竞争、繁衍一样。
于是,历史最基础的法则便是自然的规律。我们臣服于自然的考验,遵守着自然的法则——物竞天择,适者生存。如果我们中的极少部分人可以逃脱这个法则,那只是因为他的家庭、组织、集团、国家保护着他,而他所在的家庭、组织、集团和国家本身必须面临着自然法则的残酷挑战。
所以,自然的第一个历史学教训是:生命就是竞争——食物充足时采用和平的方式,匮乏时使用血腥和暴力的手段。动物相互捕杀猎食着,没有任何疑虑,而文明社会的人类通过正当的法律程序消灭着一个又一个对手,没有丝毫问题。亚当·斯密认为:“每一个人都在以尽可能产生最大价值的方式从事产业,旨在使自己获利,他是这样,其他许多人也是这样,于是,在看不见的手的指导下,促成一种并非他本意的结局。他通过追求自己的利益,从而不断地比他真心打算的那样更有效地促进了社会。” 个人的自私和赢利是普遍现象,可相互合作的的确确大范围存在着,并且的的确确促进着社会的发展。而这只是因为合作是一种更高级的竞争手段——我们在家庭、社会、俱乐部、政党、利益集团中相互合作着——为了强化我们在和其它对手抗衡过程中的竞争力。我们贪婪,好斗、勇敢,在巨大的程度上行善或者行恶,因为我们身体里流淌着的血液依旧记得几千年前祖先们不惜舍弃一切来适应生物界中唯一至高无上的法则——生存。战争是国家吞噬国家的方式——它鼓励合作,因为合作是终极的竞争模式。而当我们的国家成为一个大利益集团的一员时,该利益集团的行为模式本质上依旧等同于一个靠狩猎捕食的游牧时代的个体。
自然的第二个历史学教训是:生命就是选择。在残酷的生存竞争过程中,有些个体装备精良,准备充分,赢得胜利。因为咱们伟大的自然根本没有阅读过联合国《世界人权宣言》或美国《独立宣言》,因此我们所有人生来就不平等,不自由:个体的体魄、心智、人格、强壮差别极大,我们受着身体或精神的遗传限制,受到习俗和传统的约束,个人发展受到家族历史和遗产的影响——商界精英的子女在求学机会、就业前途和才能的培养与发展上,从父辈那里得到的馈赠和帮助将超过自己的接受水平;而贫困边缘挣扎的下岗工人女儿,尽管面临着高考,为了让因工伤得不到医治的濒死父亲吃上一顿有肉的晚餐,不得不含着血泪让纨绔子弟糟蹋着自己纯洁的身躯。是的,大自然是多么的青睐差异。
不平等并不仅仅是与生俱来的,它随着文明的复杂程度而增长。遗传差异性孕育着不平等,每一个伟大的发明或科学发现都是由最优秀最智慧的个体们创造的——这些最智慧的个体们的成就让强者更强,弱者相对更弱。生活和历史一次又一次精确地重复着加尔文的上帝的不公正。(加尔文在他的《基督教原理》中提出预定论:上帝藉著他的预定,拣选了某一些人,叫他们有生命的盼望,对另一些人则判定归于永远的死亡。)难怪被烧死的伟大圣徒卡斯特卡里奥说:“加尔文的上帝比恶狼更要凶恶。”那么对于非基督信徒来说,大自然不是这样一位比恶浪更凶残的“上帝”吗?
自然对所谓“自由与平等的国家(联盟、组织、集体)”的态度,就像我们对乌托邦那样的付之一笑。自由和平等从来就是两个不共戴天的死敌。让人完全自由,那么自然产生的不平等将以几何级数的水平增长。要阻止不平等的增长,自由必须付出代价。受压迫的,经济能力在平均水平以下的人渴望平等,那些意识到自己具有卓越才能或权力的人则渴望他们充分的自由,并且他们最终用他们的才能或权力获得着自由。共产主义描述的平等是注定不可能实现的乌托邦,而哲学家或历史学家能够设想的最佳的相对平等则寄希望于法治的正义(实质正义)和公民受教育机会的平等。法治的根本价值是实质正义的体现,但是程序正义却一次又一次侮辱着实质正义。抱怨“法律是有钱人的游戏”只能证明自己对法律的无知。法律是精通法律的人的游戏。法律是道德、人权和公意(实质正义)的体现,但是法律的表现形式(程序正义)却表现地像一个十足的骗子——精通法律的优秀律师玩弄这种表现形式是人类最高明的“骗子”。只要案子足够复杂,只要律师足够优秀,他几乎可以决定判决。O.J. Simpson VS California一案造就了人类最顶级的律师。诚然,每个判决都是一个司法对抗过程,正是有这样的律师的存在,才使得法治得以不断完善。可是记住:法律永远是不平等的,它依旧只是自然的历史学教训的再次重复——生命就是选择和竞争——精通法律的人在竞争过程中占据更大的优势,维护着自己的利益,蚕食着自己的对手。
因此在日常生活中,人们虽然无法证明,但是人们强烈地感觉着:生活并不像人们喜爱的戏剧那样,所有的恶棍都得到惩罚,每一件善事都得到了褒奖。相反的,人们一天天,一次又一次地重新加深着记忆:毒蛇的阴险比鸽子的仁慈更走运,而任何一群老奸巨猾的土匪都可以在掠得无数不义之财后宣布彻底的胜利。于是,绝望的人们寄希望于宗教,把自己置于喃喃的不可企及的幸福之中。
大自然的第三个历史学教训是:生命必须繁衍。人生存在地球上的绝大部分年月里,他必须活着,繁衍后代,然后像其它动物一样死去。有三个调节力量监视并控制着所有生命的繁殖:捕食者、疾病和饥荒,或者用马尔萨斯在他的《人口论》中更适合人类社会的词语表示:战争、瘟疫和饥荒。大自然更在乎人类作为一个物种的进化、灾难和演变,而对其中个体的命运没有丝毫兴趣。她根本不在乎高出生率时常伴随着较低的文明,低出生率往往在文化上更加繁荣。在她眼里,先进与原始、文明与野蛮没有丝毫区别。尽管马尔萨斯是一个德行善良的牧师,可他指出,救济金和慈善物资的发放只会促使穷人早结婚早生子而使人口问题更加严峻。二十世纪发生在中国的社会主义运动严重破坏了社会生产力和生态平衡并导致了自然灾害、严重饥荒和七千万非正常死亡强有力地验证着马尔萨斯的观点,可十九世纪西方农业技术和避孕技术的发展就反驳着马尔萨斯的理论:在英国、美国、德国和法国,出生率随着充足的食物稳步提高,生活条件的改善延迟着结婚年龄,降低着家庭成员的数量。如今,美国和加拿大活生生地否定着马尔萨斯:他们满足自给、避免饥荒和瘟疫的同时早已大量出口小麦;食物的消耗者制造着更多的双手来生产更多的食物。如果把美欧现有的农业知识运用于世界各地,这个星球可以养活两倍的现有人口。我们可以乐观吗?
人类的确有能力来指导自己的进化,可是他依逃脱不了自然的法则。是的,二十世纪最重大的进步之一是人类对瘟疫和饥荒不断增强的控制能力。人类已经学会如何把两性快感和生殖分开,并且用人工受精来延迟生育年龄。尽管人类还没有完全摆脱上述两个调节力量(战争和饥荒)的影响,可人类的繁殖已经不再是两个异性个体或是两个家庭之间的事情,甚至不再是他们作为公民所在的国家的事情。当人口增长从任何一个角度讲都直接或间接地影响着其他人的健康和福利时,世界人口增长问题已经到达一个新的境界,这将是整个人类的危急。在过去的十年内,十个新增人口中有六个来自亚洲,两个来自非洲和拉丁美洲。而这不可避免地决定着美国和欧洲继续扮演着世界的主导。
现行的人口增长使其与财产、资源分布变得更加不平衡。也许现在是历史上首次全球所有人同时急速渴望着良好的生活条件。千千万万的亚洲人、非洲人和拉丁美洲人盯着欧洲和北美人对生活的享受,他们渴望着同等的机会取得和欧美人同样的生活条件,拒绝永远过着低人一等的生活。亚洲、非洲和拉美用来满足人口增长所需的大量资金和高科学技术,已经远远超过了他们自己的供给能力。富裕的国家提供着直接的粮食出口或援助,可是欧美国家并没有普遍大力支持亚非拉国家经济和科技的发展(部分因为担心高科技被亚非拉的独裁政府和恐怖分子所利用),或者现有的援助计划对激增的人口问题只是杯水车薪。人类仅仅只是延缓了人口增长的灾难,却无法逃避不受控制的人口增长在不久的将来和我们一次性算一比总帐。因为生活条件的痛苦而缓慢的改善根本无法适应人口的持续高速增长,这将对现行的政治和经济制度产生巨大的冲击,因此,内部不断加压炖煮的不满情绪会导致越来越多的政治动荡,如果没有战争或饥荒,至少最终会带来政治和经济制度的重大改变——独裁和恐怖主义将被清除,西方货物将捆绑着西方文明同时注入给第三世界国家。
未来将目睹人类对环境的巨大控制能力,人类有足够的能力控制各种自然现象,但是人类却无法规避自然法则的惩罚。没有任何一种生物可以无限制的繁殖,和其它生物不同的是,人类可以选择自己的进化方向——高死亡率或较低文明程度,但至少有一个必须被选择。人类是否能运用自己的科技手段来更聪明地引导着自己的进化,而不是被失明的自然力量击败,答案在不久的未来便可以揭示。
永远也不会有第二个像历史这样的黑色幽默作家! June 20 人类文明史反思录 3 地球和自然地球和自然 地球 很可能在埃及人和苏美尔人之前,就存在着许多灿烂的文明。(苏美尔人:一个古代民族的成员,很可能是非闪米特的起源。在公元前四千年期间在苏美尔(古幼发拉底河下游地区)建立了一个城邦国家,这是已知最早的具有重大历史意义的文明之一。)历史,首先让我们抛开那些恼人的多重性,是对过去事件的记录和总结。然而在任何时候,一颗区区几十公理宽的行星都可能靠近地球并让我们的世界变成沸腾的火海或让我们窒息于无尽的浓烟。可我们依旧大步行走在地球上,接受这些可能性,并且讥笑帕斯卡的宇宙观:当宇宙将人类摧毁时,人类依旧比摧毁他的物质更伟大,因为当人类感知到自己正在死去时,作为胜利者的宇宙对此却没有一丝一毫的察觉。
人类历史臣服于地球和自然。每天,海阳和大地相互蚕食着,低矮的城市淹没在汪洋中,随着富有规律的暴露与腐蚀,崇高的峻岭崛起着,陡峭的土峰塌陷着,沼泽变成沙漠,地峡变成海峡。宽大的河流像水管一样膨胀着,爆裂并淹没着大地,或者干裂着,使农民们哀嚎着庄稼的枯萎,忍受着饥饿的无情。在地质学家的眼里,地球表层所有的地方构成一个流动的体系,居住在这体系之上的人类,只好似使徒彼得危险地踏着浪花来到耶稣的身边。
气候已不能像孟德斯鸠所设想的那样控制着我们人类,但气候限制着我们。(他在《论法的精神》里著名的气候论认为地理环境,尤其是气候、土壤等,和经济、政治、人民的性格、感情有非常大的关系;而我认为,即使在人类文明起源的初期,长期的阴狸天空只要不是覆盖着洪水泛滥的大地,雪花纷飞的美景只要不伴随着港口的冻结,人民从事经济贸易的热情和投入与气候本身没有太大关系。——人们可以造船,可以装货,无论天晴或是下雨,原始的商人不会对每日的天气预报怀着忐忑不安的期盼之情。)人类的勇气既可以征服喜马拉雅,他们的智慧也可以灌溉撒哈拉。人类可以开发山峦,用梯田解决农地的紧缺,也可以在海上建立座座都市,甚至让翱翔的飞鸟来替我们探索着天空。但是一场龙卷风或一次火山的喷发能够摧毁耗费数百年时间建造的城市,而一块巨大的冰山能够顷刻间让海上寻欢作乐的人们融入大自然汩汩而富有韵律的水声。过渡缺乏雨水的滋润,在中东和非洲那干枯的土地上难以建立伟大的文明;凶猛的降雨,在繁茂无比的丛林中,文明只能接受窒息的命运。世世代代的人们演练着对大地与自然的征服,然而他们却不可避免地沦为土壤中的化石。而地质学关注的只是对压力和时间的计算。
地球是历史的母亲。在这个滋润的母亲的呵护下,在严格训练的家园里,河流、湖泊、绿洲和海洋的岸边吸引着一批又一批的定居者,因为水不仅是万物的福音,而且它为交通和商贸提供着天然的道路。埃及是“尼罗河的礼物”,美索不达米亚则在两河流域间建立着一个又一个文明。印度人是印度河与恒河的儿女,炎黄子孙繁衍在黄河边富饶的大地上。意大利人在台伯河、亚诺河与波河流域建立着家园,奥地利多瑙河,德国易北河与莱茵河,法国卢瓦尔河与塞纳河。
当古希腊人不断扩充着他们的疆域,像青蛙一样搜寻着池塘时时,他们最终在地中海畔建立了自己的殖民根据地。从公元前480年的萨拉米斯战役(该战役是希腊VS波斯战争的关键)到1588年西班牙皇家海军无敌舰队的覆没(这句话会删除:哈哈,大航海游戏迷们的人听到这个词语就会热血沸腾。我是用炮击全歼无敌舰队的。),一直是白人们竞争着地中海的南北两岸支配权。但是在1492年哥伦布和达伽马在酒馆里邀请着勇敢的水手们一同去搏击船头的泡沫时,地中海的霸主地位得到了空前的挑战。热那亚、比萨、佛罗伦萨、威尼斯渐渐没落了,文艺复兴的光辉开始淡去,大西洋彼岸的国家崛起了,并且最终在半个地球上树立了史无前例的绝对领主地位。从古希腊到美国,文明与帝国的光辉一直在向西方转移着。有一天它会跨越太平洋,将欧洲和美洲发达的工商业捆绑着现代文明一同输入给中国,正如曾经给过日本那样吗?神秘而富饶的东方古国,伴随着最先进的人类文明,会带来西方的衰退吗?
飞行技术的发展将又一次在地图上改变文明的布局。贸易航线将更少地依赖于河流和大海,人和商品将更方便的抵达他们的目的地。英法等拥有充足海岸线的国家将进一步失去传统的商业优势,而中国、巴西、俄罗斯则会克服整块大陆给商贸带来的障碍。当一个个港口城市不再繁忙于将货物在船舶和火车间来回装卸,当大陆和大海的在战争与商贸中的优势完全被湛蓝的天空所取代时,我们可以看到这将成为人类文明历史上又一次重大的革命。
地理几千年来对人类文明施加的重大影响随着科技的飞速发展而减退,急速的科技化给农业、矿业、交通、商贸等各个领域带来无穷的发展空间,但只有睿智的领导,大胆的想象和艰苦的奋斗才能将无尽的可能性转变为壮丽的现实,也只有伟大的民族在富饶的文化基础上(正如今天的以色列)才能在数以千计的重重困难中崛起。不是地球,是人类,创造了文明。
自然 写作中。我只有在周末偷偷躲在办公室不出去才能写作。很多困难……剩余部分的写作会一直抽时间进行。
June 19 人类文明史反思录 后记后记
尽管我从很小开始便不断独立思考着各种哲学问题,但17岁以前却抱着科技救国的梦想——抱着科技救国的梦想极度狂热地投身生物科学的研究。可是在校身兼数职的我,不幸在生物竞赛前累成重病,在危重病房中卧床不起时才真正有时间有机会接触西方哲学思想。此后,我学会了上网,不久便自学到突破防火墙的技术,阅读着大量的自由的信息。
我不得不说,杨振宁先生是影响我最大的人之一。他的奴性深深震撼了17岁的我,让我明白,中华民族最需要的绝对不是一两个科学家,道德的矮子,暴政的走狗,而是一批最顶尖的法学和政治等治国人才来推动民主与法治。艺术和科学的玫瑰自然会在一个富强而自由的国度里争相斗妍。于是我弃理从文。读完高中二年级后,我正式宣布退学。从退学后到被哥大录取是我目前为止最曲折的一段经历,我写成了一篇几百字的《监狱和纽约同时向我招手》在此: <http://spaces.msn.com/members/klx/Blog/cns!1pQP6WrPVSkAj884SbZsIHSQ!170.entry>
被哥伦比亚大学录取后,在躲避很有可能的又一次政治迫害时,我带着几套衣物偷偷离开武汉市。各自为政是中国地方政府的显著特色:一个农村的土皇帝可以任意罚款村民而忽视国家的税法,一个公安局的领导可以不遵守刑事诉讼规则而滥用手里的执法权。破旧的长途汽车颠簸在江西省东部一个偏僻的乡村公路上,切肤的体验让我明白一个道理:两个或多个权力的间隙中一定存在着较为充分的自由。尽管我的名字已经上了某级的黑名单,但我略施计谋,轻易地骗过武汉市户籍管理部门,注销了户籍,用胆识做基础,用权谋和少量的金钱作为工具,在江西省改了名字,上了户口。那时的我在法治、道德、权谋、政府等问题上的思考已经较为成熟。
允许我说一句看似自大的描述:我从小就对人性和哲学有着极为敏锐的洞察与思考,可能没有任何同龄人在对思维领域的不断完善和提升上比我下的功夫更深。餐厅里的人们会笑话我吃饭中途在人声喧闹的环境里旁若无人的来回踱步,地铁里的乘客会莫名其妙的看着呆若木鸡的我突然闷声敲打着扶手并发出两声叹惋,甚至在和女朋友亲热时我都有可能思考着某篇政治评论文章或某个机械模型的内部运作机制(我是一个发明家)。那时,经过数年人文磨练的我,在各个人文领域都有一定的,但并不充分的积累。来到哥伦比亚大学一年后的现在,在对历史我有着自认为较为成熟的思考。很多小我几岁的还在读高中的学生,甚至大我一两岁的大学学生写信说,中国大陆的教育模式对人文领域进行了毁灭性的摧残,历史专业的同学拿到学位都不一定明白历史除了背诵史实并走套路地用马克思列宁主义哲学观来分析外,还会有哪些引人入胜的方方面面。他们问我如何提高人文积累和修养,希望我开一个书单并且告知哪些书值得看,哪些书没有意义。这样的请求让我惶恐不安,不仅因为人文领域需要至少十年以上的积累才能有一定造诣,方能给后生带来引导性的建议(上帝,21岁的我在任何方面都只是一个学生),而且没有任何人,无论他多么聪慧地接受着多么优良的教育,都不可能在一生的时间内对他自己的文明达到一种充分的理解以至于对文化的各种构成元素安全而自信地作出应该抛弃或是保留的裁断。
我想这本小册子是对历史的一点思考,它包含着我数年思考后的个人思维结晶,但更多的是无数历史学家们的睿智和判断。作为一个短小精悍的人类文明史反思录,我希望它能够在一定程度上激发中国高中或大学学生对人文的兴趣。在撰写过程中,是我在哥伦比亚度过的第一个暑假,我因无钱交付房租而一直偷偷睡在办公室地上或晚上无钥匙进门时,趴在电脑室桌上过夜。每周全日制的工作并且挤出时间上着罗马共和国兴亡史,使得撰写过程格外艰苦。因此我倍加感谢网上的几位同龄朋友给我的宝贵建议和精神支持。写这本小册子的另外一个直接原因是,6月11日我的前女友和我在相识纪念日那天正式中断往来,我想用不断的努力和工作来填充我的悲伤。我和她都改变了彼此的命运。历史学家不应该悲伤或惊叹,但我愿意用这份努力来纪念对她永远的爱。 人类文明史反思录 地球和自然---历史的总结地球和自然
种族
人性
道德
经济
宗教
政府
战争
社会主义
中华文明
历史的总结 人类文明史反思录 2 文明的起源文明的起源
为什么两千多年前地中海角落里一个半岛——城邦制的古希腊,在文学、政治、戏剧、雕塑等数个领域全面塑造着现代文明是所有历史学家感兴趣的问题。文明的出现,崛起,辉煌,衰退,泯灭,遗忘,什么是原因,结果和意义又是什么?
在小学的自然课上我们都学过:把合适比例的化学分子,在适当的温度,给予充分的条件,我们能够得到氨基酸——这些有机分子是生命的基本构成。同样的道理,文明的起源是在所有随机或必然出现的因素——政治、经济、气候等,达到一个完美(或接近完美)的条件时才有可能产生的。以现代猿人的智力,即使把它们放入天堂,也不会造就现代文明。如果把爱因斯坦放入奥斯威辛集中营,他不可能提出相对论;让莫扎特被迫为了生计一日耗费12个小时用于种庄稼,他不可能留给我们一部部伟大的交响曲;把米开朗基罗放在爱斯基摩人的冰窖里,一年大部分时间在黑暗中守着几张海豹皮,他有可能对欧洲文艺复兴产生伟大而深远的影响吗?
在尼罗河谷的地中海畔,我们发现了古老的埃及文明。尽管那里的气候接近完美,可原始居民既不强健也不卓越,而且政治和经济情况毫无疑问的差劲。在亚美尼亚地区,在幼发拉底河流域,在底格里河流域,巴比伦和亚述文明的发展也经受着和古埃及同样的束缚。闪米特人,稍了解我的人都知道这是一个让我怀着各种复杂情绪的民族,尽管最终迁移到富饶的亚洲西部的两河流域中——意味着这个强壮而伟大的民族没有任何气候带来的决定性限制,极差的经济和政治环境却致命地束缚着他们走向辉煌。至于巴勒斯坦人,腓尼基人,迦太基人,前者不仅缺乏农业、商业和与其它亚非文明交流的基础,耶路撒冷的牧师完全主导着他们日常生活使得任何个人化的想法和安排都难以付诸现实;中间那支强壮的腓尼基民族,享受着适宜气候的同时,城市被少数船商所垄断,最终提尔和西顿(均为现黎巴嫩西南港市)不可避免的落入迦太基人的手中。而西部的迦太基人,无论后来汉尼拔如何嚣张地差点逼着罗马亡国,整个自私的民族就像是马克思《资本论》里面描述的典型资本主义企业,经营算计,惟利是图,汉尼拔将军还没辉煌几年,迦太基便被伟大的罗马指挥官西庇欧一举亡国。
总之在两千年前的数个文明中心,总是缺乏一个或几个文明起源的必要条件。当近乎完美的各种条件奇迹地出现在小亚细亚西部沿爱琴海海岸的爱奥尼亚(时为古希腊一殖民地)时,尽管持续的时间并不长且并不是在希腊母国所出现的,历史学家依然能够看到一个伟大的文明崛起所必须的引人入胜的环境:
第一,爱欧尼亚的各个部落享受着得天独厚的地理条件,从其它文明——克立特,巴比伦等,继承了文明发展中最积极的各种元素。 第二,积极的商业和贸易的交流,使得文化的交融和发展达到一个壮观的程度。 第三,城邦制让各个部落享受最充分的自由(当权者有充分的自由,两个权力的缝隙也存在充分的自由,同时权力和权力之间也存在着积极程度的竞争与合作,而不是相互毁灭),最有效地利用了人力资源,最大化地发展了人的各种能力。
公元前800年新的希腊文明的诞生,不仅成功地抵御了波斯人的入侵,并最终发展出了灿烂的希腊文化(希腊,马其顿和色雷斯地区的文明被统称为海伦尼克),而且马其顿的亚利山大大帝征服希腊后,希腊文化随之传播到埃及、中东和中亚地区。几百年后,公元前168年,希腊虽然在军事被罗马共和国完全征服,希腊文明却反过来完全征服了罗马人的生活。
罗马诗人维吉尔模仿着荷马史诗和《伊利亚特》写出了史诗《埃涅伊德》,讲述了特洛伊英雄埃涅阿斯在特洛伊陷落后的流浪经历,并最终在众神之间的相互阻挠和帮助下,经过艰苦卓绝的冒险和战斗在罗马建立新的王国。和恺撒同时代的西塞罗继承柏拉图、亚里斯多德的智慧和雄辩,演说在技巧上达到了古代雄辩术的最高水平。悲剧作家埃斯库罗斯,索福克勒斯和喜剧作家阿里斯托芬的作品也成为古罗马文学家模仿和创新的对象。现代哲学、艺术、文学评论、文艺理论、历史传记,甚至法律和正义,都是对古希腊文化的直接继承。我们读到亚里斯多德的文艺论,我们读到索福克勒斯的安蒂冈妮第一次用不证自明的自然法来拒绝父王所人为制订的恶法;幼里匹蒂斯笔下的俄瑞斯忒斯和复仇女神的故事,是现代西方法律中正义价值的起源,而当今西方陪审团制度则直接基于两千多年前希腊悲剧故事中雅典娜和阿波罗对复仇女神诉俄瑞斯忒斯案中陪审团的设置。(上述文学作品均为哥伦比亚大学核心课必修)
罗马的艺术、戏剧、文学、政治均是大量吸收和模仿希腊文明的遗产,同时随着恺撒对高卢的征服,首次跨越海峡征服英格兰,希腊文明被传承和发展成为灿烂的欧洲文明。如今,荷马的读者比他在世时增加了无数倍,在每个图书馆里我们都能与希腊诗人和哲学家进行智慧交流,而每年的各种选举,每日读到的法律诉讼和辩论都是基于古希腊的模型。这些富有创造力的灵魂和思想的存在是最真实最有意义的不朽:希腊作为一个国家的形式,出现过,崛起过,灭亡过,但希腊文明永远不会被遗忘,相反的,美国将基于希腊文明的欧洲文明,发展成伟大的现代文明。希腊文明正在融入着整个世界——! 人类文明史反思录 1 前言自古希腊以来 ——人类文明史反思录
前言 当我们学习历史时,我们是否想过学习历史的目的和作用?仅仅是为了在汇集各个国家的兴亡,各种思想的纷争的故事书里面找寻乐趣?细致学过历史的我们是否真的比从未触摸过历史书籍的酒吧里的小姐们,在对人性的理解上更加深刻?我们是否能够在历史的不断重复的结局与纷繁变化的过程中,不仅找寻到深刻的教训,并且发现和抓住预测未来的智慧之光,准确地指导着内政政策的制订和外交方向的把握,并预测人类未来的行为、生活和国家的命运?历史,是否有这样的可能,正如我用最简洁的语言回答最亲密的朋友的问题“什么是历史”时所引用亨利福特总统的句子:“历史就是个骗子。”?因为我们对过去历史事件的了解,在无法完全排除个人偏见的历史学家眼里那些充满着模棱两可的证据的情况下,在我们自己的爱国主义情怀和政治宗教偏见下,永远是不完整的,甚至是错误的。
与天文学家、物理学家不断探索并发现未知的领域所不同,历史学家关心过去的史实,找出“历史的法则”,他们甚至怀着一种轻视的心态来面对银河系外行星的运转模式以及如何让细胞内的线粒体作为转基因的载体等前沿科技问题,因为反物质的湮灭与细胞的衰亡与几千年的人类文明和人性没有丝毫关系。也许我说的并不对,但现在的历史学习和研究太多注重资料和事实的不断积累,而忽视了对历史的翻腾、蒸发、压榨、提炼和升华。
很明显,历史不是一门科学,它只能是艺术,或者哲学。作为艺术,它在纷繁复杂的混乱材料中建立起富有意义的秩序和美感,作为哲学,它追求对智慧的思考,对人性的启迪,对规则的提炼和对人类事业的促进。现实,是过去行为和事件的积累;过去,是现实对这积累过程的理解和升华。因此,我们去相信,去希望历史哲学在对过去的辉煌中,扬弃残缺不全的史实资料和若隐若现的视觉幻想,暂时地微笑着与概率打交道,正如科学和政治学那样,对所有的可能性和规则都持以尊重,也持以怀疑。也许,正是因为这些局限性,让我们怀着宽容的精神来耐心地接受着历史的真实,并且尊重他人对历史的不同感知和解释。
人的一生只是地质学的一瞬,地球的匆匆过客,人类宗族的一粒“孢子”,自己民族的一颗幼苗,一种信仰的信徒或怀疑者,宏观经济的一个基本单位,也可能是一个国家的公民或战争中的士兵,因此相对应地本书将在文明的起源、地球和自然、人性、道德、宗教、经济、政府和战争等方面对历史与自然、习俗和人性的沟通进行启迪式的阐述。很多思想是历史的结晶,远非原创,本书注重的是总结性、概括性和启迪性;在这本激发被填鸭式教育所误导的大陆孩子们对历史兴趣的小册子中,我尽最大的努力将我对历史教训的总结和对中华文明的预测放在最后。
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