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    April 06

    Algebra and Spirituality

     
    It may be thought that Algebra has little similarity to spirituality; however, if we consider it more closely they have much in common. Algebra uses letters to represent actions and numbers; it is a system of representation and in a sense, symbolism. This is also the case with spirituality, which uses symbols to stand for realities and uses images to represent things that cannot be easily imagined or explained. Accordingly, it is important to realize the difference between the representational letter and the thing that is represented, between the essence and the form. Only by removing religious iconography from the realm of the emotions and appreciating it as a symbolic system, as a form of divine algebra, can we really understand the nature of all spiritual beliefs.
     
    To give an example, while all Gnostic traditions agree on the universe being in some sense dualistic, some Gnostic schools have two Gods -- one the Essence behind all things, the other a Demiurge or false creators; others see the dualism as relative and only existing between man’s perception (ignorance) and the truth. While all of these “representational” systems are different, their essential message is the same. The aim of using Algebra according to the Arabs was to have a better understanding of the real nature of the equation, to find the essential form through the many shards or forms. This too is the vision of a true believer; the Arabic notion of Algebra is pregnant with meaning -- the reunion of broken parts.
    June 16

    《论语》学而篇第一

    当我把恺撒大叔用拉丁语写的《高卢战记》中的一段话翻译成古代汉语时,我就有种愿望把我祖先孔子的《论语》的一些话翻译成古希腊语。

     

    《论语》学而篇第一

    Analects of Confucius, Chapter 1-1

     

    Chinese:

      子曰学而时习之不亦说乎有朋自远方来不亦乐乎人不知而不愠不亦君子乎

     

    English:

    The Master said, "To study and frequently practice what has been learnt, is that not a pleasure? To have friends come from distant places, is that not a happy event? One who shows no displeasure when not understood by other people, is he not a noble person?"

     

    Classical Greek:

    διδασκᾶλος ό ἔλεγον, ἆρα ἆρεστός τό μανθᾶνειν καί πολλᾶκις άσκεῖν ὃν έμάνθαντο; ἆπα καλός τό ἔχειν ξένους άπο αλλότπιου; ὃστις μή μανθανόμεντου, δεικνύντος ούκ όργης, καλός.

    May 17

    A Reflection

     

     

    Professor William D. White once noted that “fundamental openness to challenges and change matters in the long run.”  To him, emotion is controlled, reason flourishes and intellect dominates everything. Though he tends to discourage working with inspiration and passion, I would largely agree with him that it is intellectual maturity thriving on experience and wisdom that needs to be sought after.  I believe that it is through reading and intellectual immersion, rather than through college or any institution, that a person at last acquires a “liberal education” and grows from an animal into a human being capable of seeking truth and creating beauty.

     

    Today we think a man is educated if he can read the newspaper morning, noon and night; but though our colleges turn out graduates like so many standardized Fords every year, there is a visible dearth of real culture of our life.  No wonder that some economists have questioned the use of a college education. This is pessimism exaggerated to make a point; but it is well that some people should check us up in our notion that the multiplication of schools and graduates can make us an intelligent people.

     

    Our schools and colleges have suffered severely from Spencer’s conception of education as the adjustment of the individual to his environment; it was a dead, mechanical definition, drawn from a mechanistic philosophy, and distasteful to every creative spirit. The result has been the conquest of our schools by mechanical and theoretical science, to the comparative exclusion of such “useless” subjects as literature, history, philosophy and art. So we make good analysts, good clerks, and good technicians, who, when their workday is over, devour the pictorial press and crowd into theatres that show them forever the same love-scenes on the screen and the same anatomy on the stage.

     

    This mechanical and “practical” education produces partial, not total, men; it subordinates civilization to industry, biology to physics, taste and manners to wealth. But education should make a man complete; it should develop every creative power in him, and open his mind to all the enjoyable and instructive aspects of the world. A man who is heavy with millions, but to whom Beethoven or Corot or Hardy, or the glow of the autumn woods in the setting sun, is only sound and color signifying nothing, is merely the raw material of a man; half the world is closed to the blurred windows of his spirit. An education that is purely scientific makes a mere tool of its product; it leaves him a stranger to beauty, and gives him powers that are divorced from wisdom. It would have been better for the world if Spencer had never written on education.

     

    It is well that Latin and Greek are passing from our colleges, for they consumed a hundred times more effort than they were worth. As Heine said “They Romans could not have had much time left to conquer the world if they had first had to learn Latin.” But though the languages of Greece and Rome are necessary only to philologists, the literature of these nations is almost indispensable to education. A man may conceivably ignore Virgil and Horace, Lucretius and Cicero, Tacitus and Marcus Aurelius, and still become mature; but of all possible instruments of education in our world, none is so fine and sure as a study of Greek life in all the varied scope of its democracy and imperialism, its oratory and drama, its poetry and history, its architecture and sculpture, its science and philosophy. Let a student absorb the life and letters of the Periclean age, the Renaissance, and the Enlightenment, and he will have a better education than any college can offer. Education does not mean that we have become certified experts in banking, or engineering, or journalism, or epistemology; it means that through the absorption of the moral, intellectual and esthetic inheritance of our race, we have come to understand and control ourselves as well as the external world; that we have learned to add courtesy to culture, wisdom to knowledge, and forgiveness to understanding. When will our colleges create such men?

    March 22

    回复好友的一封信

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    在我看来一个有价值的生命需要做到这两件事情中至少一件:自我的精神解放和服务于人类。  我们每个人,灵魂就像在一间漆黑无比的屋子里,从婴儿啼哭那一刻,我们就已经开始不断的去探索,去理解,去发现,然而我们在很大程度上被各种本能欲望所束缚着——我们每天必须花一个相当比例的时间,来收集和制作食物以喂饱自己,以及满足其它的本能欲望,我们还会摔倒,会挣扎,会有各种难过和消极的想法。我们很多人最终发现,只有臣服于世俗带给我们的枷锁,循规蹈矩的去符合各种条条框框,摔倒和痛苦的可能性才能降到更低,于是渐渐变得平庸,失去了热情和理想。可他们永远不理解的是,对于一个勇敢的思维开放的人,他每一次在失败中重新站起来,都给自己注入了全新的力量和生命的活力。这些杰出的、敢于探索的勇士们和天才们,在逆境中克服着传统保守的压制,创造着一次又一次的奇迹。

     

    年轻人争强好胜,爱慕虚荣是本性,重要的是他们在思维本质上有没有积极迎接挑战和改变的勇气。 如果他们有这样的勇气,各种经验的积累会让他们在思想和人性上逐渐有本质的改变。人的未来是很难预测的,但我相信智慧和经验能够渐渐拆除一个人固有的思维桎梏。我同意你—我们应该全身心拥抱真理,但我并不认为我们要征服世界。我只是爱这个世界,并全心服务与她。若把征服定义为对权力和金钱的追求,显然成熟的智慧不一定能够鼓胀我们的钱包,亦不会把我们抬到显著的政治地位,甚至会让我们不去太关心权钱或声望,可是如果我们拼命塞满我们的钱包,攀爬耀眼的地位,对世界的攫取远远大于我们对世界的付出,同时却保持着幼稚的愚蠢,粗鄙的大脑,残忍的行为,多变的性格,混乱的欲望和盲目的痛苦,这除了满足那可悲而幼稚的恐惧感外,又有什么意义?而如果诗歌和艺术能够让我们的双眼去发现美,历史和哲学能够让我们掌握爱和宽容的智慧,这对你我来说已经足够了,这比整个世界的财富和权力更丰富。而若上帝用财富或权力作为我们全心追求智慧和真理的测试,那时的我们只会用它们更好的服务于人类,不是吗?少数睿智的人成熟的早,很多人在三十至五十岁逐渐变得成熟,而有些人则一辈子没有成熟。所以我认为智慧是年龄的礼物,让我们理解各种事物,理解他们为什么在各自的位置上,以及理解每一个部分与整体的关系,最终或许会达到一个境界,在那里,爱是最高的智慧,理解原谅着一切。如果死亡是对生命的测试,智慧能够告诉我们腐败仅仅只是发生在局部,而当我们必须面对死亡时,生活本身却是不朽的。

     

    设想一个七十岁的老者,他穷尽一生,承受了各种痛苦并作出了巨大的努力,他的大脑成了一个塞满了知识和经验的仓库,一个智慧的中心掌握着各种思想和行为中那些细微与敏感。他的灵魂通过挣扎学会了谦虚和温和,正如他的大脑懂得了什么是理解和原谅。七十年来,他从一个需要被人特殊照顾的小动物转变为一个成熟的男人,具备了去探索真理和创造美与艺术的能力。但是渐渐的,死亡接近了他,毒害着他,使他呼吸困难,凝结着他的血液,抓握着他的心脏,爆裂着他的大脑,封锁着他的咽喉。在半夜,死亡咧嘴露出了他的獠牙和胜利的笑容。

     

    很快,从他去世的那阴暗的房间望去,窗外,鸟儿在绿色的树枝上喋喋不休,公鸡鸣唱着他对太阳的颂歌。光明滑过大地,花蕾逐渐绽开着,茎干自豪地撑起他们的头部,树液从雄壮的树干中流出。我们看见了顽皮的小孩子们,是什么使他们如此的快乐,在尚挂着露珠的青草地上忘情的奔跑、欢笑、叫喊、追逐、躲闪、喘息而永不知疲倦?这是何等的能量、何等的精神,何等的快乐?他们又何须关心什么是死亡?未来的几十年,他们会学习,会成长,会爱,会挣扎,会创造,并且在死前把他们的生活提升地更多。当他们走过这个过程时,他们会用子女来欺骗死亡,用父母的关怀使他们的下一代成长地比他们更加美好。 夜里,情侣们在公园微弱的月光下,忘记了世界,思考着他们自己。他们轻轻的言谈伴随着昆虫们求偶的低语,那古老的真理在他们诚挚的渴望,下垂的眼睑,和亲吻的双唇中又一次得到了述说:胜利永远属于生命。

    January 05

    A Dialogue

     

     

    Christians: Jews say “hate the sin, punish the sinner.” We say “hate the sin, love the sinner.”

    Me: I say nothing; I forgive the sin, love the sinner.

     

    Christians: Holy Cross is based on gospel in New Testament, a symbol of Christianity.

    Me: Holy Cross is based on historical Jesus; to me it is always a reminder of self-sacrifice.

     

    Christians: Liturgy mediates divine grace—a holy mystery.

    Me: Liturgy is an earthly means serving for fundamentalism’s survival.

     

    Christians: Cult is heresy.

    Me: Cult is a religion without political power.

     

    Christians: We have no doubt in our faith.

    Me: A man without doubt is a machine, pure mechanism of society.

     

    Christians: Salvation is by faith through Jesus alone. He who believes not in Jesus goes to hell.

    Me: Insecurity is mother of greed as cruelty is child of fear; faith (to Christians) is mother of good work, but Salvation is not child of any criteria. It is on individual basis.

     

    Christians: If Socrates doesn’t believe in Christianity, he will not be saved.

    Me: Then, I would rather be a servant of Socrates in hell than go to heaven.

     

    Me: Bible is a history book full of incorrectness, conditioned to its historical context, and only has value in so far as it can inspire our youth.

    Me: Sin is the turning away point from wisdom of love and forgiveness to fundamentalism and ignorance.

    Me: Whoever advocates any sort of fundamentalism or spreads ignorance is doing devil’s work.

    Me: To formalize an exclusive path of salvation is ignorant and defiant to God’s mercy and wisdom, and is ignorantly unaware doing devil’s work.

    Me: Whatever contradictory to love and forgiveness in your interpretations of Christianity is false.

     

    Christians: Blasphemy! Heretic!

    Me: A Christian, always, receives education from Jesus, directly.

    December 25

    An Anatomical Synthesis of Western Philosophy

    End of Semester Criticisms and Syntheses I: An Anatomical Synthesis of Western Philosophy

     

    Introduction

    Western traditions are not simply dominant in our past but are fundamental stimulating momentum in the present. Close examinations over great books in Western philosophy provides thought-provoking, analytical relations between texts and contexts, but if we treat Western philosophy as a whole, we would find such a wonderful intelligent design of this tradition is by no means segments or pieces of the past, nor a sum of chemical conglomeration, but a living creature, organically coherent, thoroughly organized and vigorously dynamic.

     

    An Anatomical Synthesis of Western Philosophy

     

    Western philosophy is a blend of two characteristic scenes tracing back their roots in two cities that generated them—Athens and Jerusalem. Western monotheism and its entailments—fideist submission, mystic ecstasy, dogmatic scripturalism—along with the assumptions as equality of all souls under the sight of God are ultimately derived from canonical holy texts supplied by Jerusalem, while Athens is the city of inquiry, hubris, and emancipation, supplying the critical and self-critical spirit, animating the Promethean and perhaps Faustian Western thought. It would be an exhilarating attempt to reprogram Western Philosophy through a total perspective by anatomically analyzing Western Tradition and to introduce our main character: Western spirit of intelligent design—Ms. West.

     

    Representing the biblical tradition, Ms. West’s right leg is even today the strong one, because for most of Western history, Christianity meant respectability and power.  Especially at the popular level, the thinking that set Western society in motion has typically been rooted in the Bible (e.g. the anti-slavery campaign, anti-abortion, anti-homosexuality, anti-moral relativism, anti-communism, etc). Although it is generally conservative, the religious tradition also underlies the reforming tendencies of the West. The left leg represents classical tradition. Intellectuals without strong religious allegiances tend to be on the “left” side of the body. The critical, questioning spirit of Socrates is the guiding light of this tradition. Would we really want philosophers to be king?

     

    Syntheses of faith and reason, theology and philosophy, Jerusalem and Athens were fundamental to the culture of Christendom. When the two legs joint together and began forming the torso during the late Roman Empire in the fourth century AD, Western tradition reached a somewhat embarrassing union that embodied Plato’s republic when contemplatives were dragged back into the cave to rule (e.g. Pope Gregory I was dragged from a contemplative life to active life). The union was sometimes resisted, as Tertullian, an early Church Father and Christian writer put it, “what does Athens have to do with Jerusalem?” This is the time that philosophically sophisticated theologians tried to reconcile the fundamental truths in the Christian revelation with the theoretical insights and approaches of the classical philosophy. In the end, Tertullian, a stoic and opponent of Plato, found himself talking about God and the soul in materialist terms which the later Christian tradition firmly rejected. Other Church Fathers such as Augustine—also an opponent (and plagiarizer) of Plato, for the most part, expressed their biblical convictions in metaphysical terms, articulated key Christian beliefs such as the doctrines of Trinity, Predestination and Incarnation using the language of Greek philosophy. During the High Middle Ages, the Christian revival against the intermixture of classical paganism had characterized scholasticism and principled Protestant Reformation.

     

    Finally, the whole torso (the Middle Ages) was formed, representing the era of Christendom during which the Church Fathers wanted both the story of the God in Jerusalem and the metaphysics of Athens to articulate their understanding of self, God, world and the universe (e.g. from St. Augustine to Thomas Aquinas), exposing the basic tension inherent in medieval Christianity between Jobean prudence and self-abnegation on the one hand and Greco-Roman humanism on the other. Also, serving as a connector between antiquity and modernity, the medieval Christendom when Constantine converted to Christianity is the “Dark Age”—the torso in which all the bloody organs are: they ugly ones we don’t want to see, the hidden ones we don’t know much about (e.g. we skip 800 years after Augustine because the knowledge of Greek classical cultures was lost), and the emotional ones we feel most strongly when we’re searching for something deeper than today’s reason.

     

    But if Athens and Jerusalem are in our bloodstream (not just places we look at with our distant modern eyes), it is undeniable through our connection with the Middle Ages. The flowering of monasteries and universities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was breeding something new. But before that, Ms. West must suffer some pains as the West was in trouble with plagues and other problems in fourteenth-century (The “High Middle Ages”).

     

    Ms. West equipped with arms. The left arm represents the Renaissance reclamation of the power of classical humanism, but Renaissance thinkers don’t cease being Christian. The right arm represents the Protestant Reformation’s reclaiming of the power of the biblical word, but Reformation thinkers don’t cease thinking of God in the philosophical categories of antiquity.

     

    Ms. West’s head represents modernity, where we look at the rest of the body, which can be thought of as the spirit of freedom from authority—especially religious authority: “no one can tell me what to believe” is a truism in modernity, a piece of foolishness in the Middle Ages run by clerics whose job was to teach people what to believe. It is Christendom secularized, as dependent on Christendom as the head is on the body. In modernity, reason and faith start to resemble antagonists rather than partners: reason becomes critical of faith and faith (beginning with Descartes) comes to seem a flight form rationality. Faith, stripped of its medieval authority, becomes a private matter in modernity. It is also “a matter of the heart” in the sense that it involves (for moderns rather than medievals) a flight from reason into emotion (mysticism, fideism, and so on).

     

    Ms. West also has a bother—the Greek speaking Eastern Orthodoxy in Byzantium, the origin of Greek and Russian orthodox churches; she also has a black sheep—Islam as preserver of the classics, and an older forgotten brother, the Jews, who never appear after the right foot—the Old Testament. Her silent sister is women, who seldom received education or legitimate power. We meet them only as abbesses or mystics.

     

    Living together on the shore of a great strange sea still darkened with mythology and superstition, Ms. West and her family is gladly waiting for deeper contacts and perhaps critical mutual examinations with her East neighbor, a handsome young man called Mr. Orientalis Magnus, who refer himself as dragon descendent. Will they fall in love with each other and agree to explore the sea together where happy isles may lie beyond? If Bacon’s ghost should reveal in dreams and plot their problems and foretell their future, who would believe him? Maybe centuries later their brilliant child who shall be named Mr. Civitas Humanus II, who, equipped with his parents’ old philosophy and new magic (science), shall bravely venture forth, tapping the depth of the ocean, or perhaps even meeting intelligent beings in the universe once chattered by his parents during summer nights under the winds and clouds of prejudices and ignorance…

    December 09

    Response to the Vandalism Case at Columbia & Reflections on Christian Morality

    Response to the Vandalism Case at Columbia & Reflections on Christian Morality
     

     

     

    I was the only one who dared to stand alone in front of the whole university speaking for two students arrested by NYPD for E felony.

    They were charged with criminal mischief as a hate crime: They defaced the suite hallway walls of a Ruggles dormitory suite with racist epithets, anti-Semitic, anti-Christianity imagery, and homophobic slurs.

     

    This is the transcript of the speech:

    -------

    My name is Lingxi Kong, an international student from China.

    First of all, I feel very sorry for the victims suffered from the incident, and I sincerely wish them to recover soon. However, I would like to address some basic facts without ideological hostilities:

    The visibility of the incident is minimal; it is limited to a tiny place. And the two students were arrested and will be subjected to due process of law.

    So I was wondering if it is really a good idea for the school or the Columbia Spectator to reveal their names to the public. The spectator should have expected that revealing their names will deflect public anger on them, making them suffer from multiple punishments. They may be expelled from school; they will not have friends; people will hate them. Just now, some of you clearly told to the public about their appearance, their habits, even their private information such as major, I am sorry but I must speak here that this is equally unacceptable.

     

    What is the most important sentence in the Bible? “Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.”

    Those of you Christians and Jews who make statements and condemn the two students just now, not only subconsciously define yourselves as victims eagerly wanting to raise popular anger against the two kids, but your statements also show an appalling lack of understanding for the ethics of Christ.

    I believe that what we should discuss today is not condemnation, nor how to curtail people’s freedom of speech, but we should seek how to help the two students, how to transform them, how to love them. The two students may be expelled from the school; I think what we should do now is to write a petition to the authorities for giving them a second chance, and sign our names together in the hope that, by God’s grace, our understanding, magnanimity and forgiveness would cure the wounds, and make real positive impact over our interdependent community.

     

    As a Christian, I stand here, perhaps alone, not to defend the racists, or the felony, but to defend my conscience, to share my understanding of the ethics of Christ—to love not to retaliate. I believe that there is no gray place in Conscience—Everything, or Nothing.

     

    Thank you.

    --------

     

    I thought that making their private information such as major (and other things that has nothing to do with the issue) to the public is not only wrong, but virtually forces them to receive lasting, multiple punishments. It was against the fundamental principles of our legal system. Calling them criminals is also unconstitutional as they are not yet proved guilty by the court. They are not criminals, but two boys went astray who really need our love, care and help.

     

    Unfortunately, it made me wonder again how some Christians who make boast of professing the humanity of Christianity daily should have such intolerant opinions, and display such an appalling lack of empathy for the ethics of Christ, that is, rather than the virtues which they profess, is the readiest criterion of their faith.

     

    I was almost the last person to speak, in order to listen as much as possible what people thought on the issue; but I was disappointed to witness that none had spoken anything resembling to forgiveness, solution, or help. We are being educated to love, to forgive, but never to retaliate and hate. I was told to speak the truth and conscience—always, even if it leads to death.

     

    It encouraged me much to receive sincere handshaking from several people when the event was over.

     

    ----------

     

    Dear Journalist from the Spectator,

     

    It was good of you to take time out from literally a universe of matters and to send a word of explanation to an individual on his getting one day closer to the Judgment Day.

     

    Last night, my conscience told me that something must be said, but I must confess that the purpose of spreading my opinion to relevant people (spectator) and my private friends was not for publishing but just to voice my thoughts and comments on the issue. Therefore adjusting myself to write in a specific genre was not considered at all in speaking the truth and conscience.

     

    Those students representing student groups/organizations had made their statements in which diplomatic (if not hypercritical) words flooded and suffocated the real elements of our old verities and truths lacking which any civilization is ephemeral and doomed: love, honor, pity, compassion, forgiveness, and sacrifice. I heard nothing resembling to love or forgiveness in the entire event. The Christian leader whose name I dare not to memorize, who made a statement on behalf of the Intervarsity Christian Fellowship, spoke to me and Rajiv after the event, undiscourageably assuming me toward an antagonistic position, insinuating me as one of the "some Christians" whom people dislike, and passionately, nastily telling us that “we condemn not them, but their deeds!”. I was too exhausted to ask him the difference between “God damn the heretics” and “God damn the people’s heretic belief”, for these people playing verbal tricks not only show their emptiness of religious hostilities—a reclothed totalitarian ideology under the dissimulation of political/religious correctness eagerly wanting to deflect popular anger against an assumed target, but also display an appalling lack of empathy for the ethics of Christ. For a Christian who professes that Jesus Christ is the messiah, it should be a shame to speak the word “condemnation” so passionately under the presumption that the two kids should deserve whatever outcome. I was shameful to be these people’s audience yesterday. What man of compassion would not blush at that presence and not prefer to hide his head under a jacket? Under the jacket, without doing anything else, at least he has something inkling of a human’s face. I dared not to imagine, in his empyrean of philosophy, if there would be any propensity for hecatomb?

     

    Being seasoned as a student in history and philosophy, I am not being trained to create an assumption based on my empirical synthesis. I did randomly hear at least five individuals calling them criminals, and everyone of us heard Mr. Brown’s major and other private information. The choleric outrageousness, feverish ignorance of law and phlegmatic trample on human dignity that people behaved are exactly the things that I am fundamentally arguing against. It would be perfectly OK for narrow-minded, self-gnawing souls to choose spreading his anger rather than speaking magnanimity, or for cunning, shifting souls to choose being neutral rather than speaking conscience, but please do not label themselves as Christian, for Christ’s sake.

     

    Thanks and regards.

     

    Lingxi Kong

    An international student from Communist China

     

     

    ------------------------

    Reflection on Christian morality:

     

    Suppose a person kills another person's parents, rapes his wife and kills her and her children, but after reading philosophy (if not theology) the killer finally understands, really repents and is ready to receive whatever punishment.  If the victim, the only survivor, is empowered to make any decision, what would he do if he were a Christian?  A false Christian says that the killer deserves punishment; but a true Christian would let him go, giving him sufficient property and sincere wishes for restarting anew his blissful life.  If he repents not, a true Christian prays to God to forgive him and tells him God's grace, for he does not yet know his sins.  This, rather than condemnation, is the readiest criterion of our faith as Christians.  Listen to me, friend, there is simply no place for condemnation in a Christian's heart.  He never condemns; he understands, and forgives.

     

    A Christian faces danger and seeks responsibility; he speaks truth, always, even it leads him to death.  He knows that the date on which he must die is too trivial a chronological detail to disturb philosophy or theology, but if he dies not, he will be strengthened, lifted up nearer to nobility and his heaven of conscience.  Make or break.  Everything, or nothing.

     

    When I discovered that most people in Christian Intervarsity Fellowship are either unreligious or religious fundamentalists with a closed mindset, I ceased to attend their meetings and stopped talking theology/philosophy with them.  I found that nothing is the most useful thing in the world; it is often a good thing to do, and always a good thing to say.  It is better to listen to greatness than to dictate ignorance.

     

    Inquiry is fatal to certainty.  We are still on the shore of a great, strange sea, still darkened with mythology and superstition; we do not know its lanes and distances, nor what happy isles may lie beyond; but science and philosophy will venture forth, tacking the way about with trial and error against the winds and clouds of prejudice and ignorance…

    November 08

    Poetry & Philosophy

    If poetry reveals to us the beauty our untaught eyes have missed, and philosophy gives us the wisdom to understand and forgive, it is enough, and more than the world’s wealth.

     

     

    --------

    Comment and critique on a discussion among overseas Chinese.

     

    正如我们不应该鄙视那些想方设法来美国、想方设法留下来、申请绿卡、公民的中国人,我们也不应该鄙视在国内蜂拥考公务员和铁饭碗的学生和家长。

     

    我们应该思考的是,站在历史和哲学的更高角度,作为世界历史几千年来一直是火车头的中国,社会中为什么会如此崇洋媚外,各种风气为何如此低俗,为何在社会活动的每一个层面都有极度严重的造假,无论是学术还是体育;为何基本的宗教活动和信仰自由遭到残酷的迫害,以及作为一个人最起码的独立思考和表达也必须披上官方的色彩?

     

    他们也赞美大自然那赏心悦目的美丽景色和无穷无尽的丰富宝藏,他们也并不要求玫瑰花和紫罗兰散发着同样的芬芳,但他们为什么却要求世界上最丰富的东西——精神只能有一种存在形式呢?我是一个幽默的人,可是法律却指定我用严肃的笔调,我是一个激情的人,可是法律却指定我用谦逊的风格。没有色彩就是这种自由唯一许可的色彩。每一滴露水在太阳的照耀下都闪耀着无穷无尽的色彩,但是精神的太阳,无论它照耀着多少个个体,无论他照耀着什么事物,却只准产生一种色彩,那就是官方的色彩——灰色,可是大自然中却没有一只灰色的花朵。

     

    难倒一个拥有正常思维能力的人不能理解一个基本的道理——国家对思想的控制越少,公民和国家双方获得的益处就越大?一个政府越是去竭力限制言论和思想的自由,就越会遭到顽强的抵制,抵制的人永远不是那些把“糟蹋祖国名声”的标签贴在真正爱国者身上的人——那些潜意识被灌输“中国就等于共产党(因此对任何政党的批判都等于对国家名声的亵渎)”的思想被彻底报废掉了的人,抵制的人实际上是从道德、教育和善行中获得较多自由的人——他们最难以忍受的是将他们视为真理的东西当成了违反法律的犯罪。他们坚信,如果只有行动才能作为刑事诉讼的证据,而言论始终可以自由,那么蛊惑人心的言辞反而会丧失辩护的力量。

     

    dydx应该明白(也许他已经明白):当且仅当中国社会中有更多的人不断追求真理、真理、真理!,在与西方文明的学术交流和对话中重新衡量、批判性地重新审视、重新挖掘华夏文明自己博大精深的文化遗产时,也仅仅只有在那时,中国社会才真正有可能重新恢复文化上的强盛,蜕变成一个新的、充满自信和生气的社会。

     

    一位关心中国的美国房地产商人曾经问我,现在在美国接受高等教育的中国学生回国后会给中国政府带来巨大的变化吗,我回答说:

     

    Most of them changed their mindset little after spending years in the US. The minor importance these overseas Chinese would play to future China will be far outweighed by mass democratic grass-movement in the mainland itself. Born in cynicism and despair, many are damaged before coming to the US by the spirit-crushing propaganda that China will not change (in terms of political system). They will painfully adjust themselves with the transrational realities in future free China, but will be incompetent to meet the historical challenges, needless to say to direct the challenges unto a higher plateau meeting further challenges.

     

    I do not expect them to reform the government before they reform human nature, or their own, until they fundamentally change their mindset by reading wider and thinking deeper. I draw this conclusion because I see the only real revolution not in wars or conflicts, but in the enlightenment of the mind and the improvement of character, the only real emancipation is individual, and the only real revolutionists are philosophers and saints.

     

    October 25

    Love, Freedom and Truth

    A short piece of philosophical work viewing from lens of a devoted (yet unconventional) Christian, inventor and political activist, the author defines that Truth is a "pathless motioning wonderland" that any regularized study is hard to approach, and believes that Love is the key to freedom, through which real discovery of Truth and transrational Reality is possible.
     
    Love, Freedom and Truth
     
    I said that I will study history and philosophy to find out what man is --I gave up science because I felt that it was too external and mathematical; it was unreal to the element of vitality that I found in myself and other things. History is philosophy taught by examples. Philosophy is an attempt to achieve a wide perspective of life and reality—a large perspective which will then determine your attitude toward any part of reality or life; for example, will it make you more understanding and forgiving? Will it lead you to outgrow from fear and isolation, reaching freedom, truth and salvation?
     
    Fear and isolation go ill together, whereas love and freedom are co-existent. Isolation inevitably leads to conflict; yet freedom is something entirely different. It implies intellectual wisdom, non-submission to authority, universal love and extraordinary virtue. It would come into being only when the mind is no longer seeking safety for oneself, either in tradition or in knowledge, when there is love in the heart. True freedom is the understanding of the whole, viewing from a larger perspective and penetrating through the nature of total existence.
     
    For some people, their present way of living and psychological fear of insecurity has rejected freedom in every phase of their life; what they want is merely more acquisition, more security, to be assured of a job or a position, more epicurean entertainment or material contentment. They have little love, but sense of bitterness, fear of insecurity, and criticism of envy. Such people cannot create a new world. They are not intelligent. They are docile, submissive, and mediocre.
     
    The beginning of freedom is to love the thing for itself without cause or purpose. Love is a thing that comes into being with continuous inquiry, constant discontent and inward revolt, when a person never follows authority, when he is without fear, when he has the capacity to make mistakes and form those mistakes to wholeheartedly seek the essence of Reality. It is only being free that one can well observe and discover; it is only in a state of spontaneity of love, where there is no compulsion, no immediate demand, no pressure of social influence, that the mind is capable to challenge life at every moment, to discover the truth and reality that every incident, that every thought, that every experience reveals.
     
    The word truth is not sufficient, but most of us do not go beyond the verbal assertion of “respecting truth” and investigate what really lies behind it: Truth is a pathless motioning paradise. God lives in that pathless paradise of Truth, which cannot be approached by any formalized science, religion, philosophy, which only intuitive possibilities may approach but will never open to rational proof or disproof.
     
    Love is the key to the very mental state of freedom--the peaceful enrapturement, in which there is nothing right or wrong; all things are endearing and marvelous, all events holy, all days sacred, all men divine. There is a sense of love that is not from anything, that has no cause, but that is a state of being free. I believe that being free and loving is the most creative state, in which real observation is possible. It is blessed by God's grace, with the discovery of the Truth, the transrational Reality, which emerges from the mystery of God the Holy Trinity in the pathless paradise.

    October 25, 2005
    New York
    September 28

    None

    None but a child will complain that our life has not offered us enough variety of change. I believe that the decline of any human activity comes not from any superstitious limitations of anything whatsoever, but through the failures of its participants to meet the challenges of change. In any case a challenge successfully met, if it does not exhaust the undertaker, raises the temper and level of the individual onto a higher plateau, and makes him abler to meet further challenges.  He who does not understand that this simple outcome is obligatory and insusceptible of modification must forgo all desire to comprehend life. Here is the last words: When a thing is done, it is done.
     
    August 08

    Edited excerpts from my letter to William White

    Will Durant said that there are two qualities that no philosophy or philosopher was complete without: understanding and forgiveness.
     
     
    Edited excerpts from my letter to William White
    -------------------------------------
     
    The three classes I chose for auditing were all dryly instructed by lecturers, not by professors. The only class I stick to was US Constitutional History, but the university kicked me out after three weeks because I was unable to pay. These days, I listen to the audio courses given by some of the most preeminent professors, and read philosophy, law and history. People can have access to those courses at my ftp website at http://lingxi.freechina.com, or columbia.cmule.com if they are in the Mainland. So in the future, you can save your time for tour-guiding students in Wangfujing Foreign Bookstore; just send the links and seriously ask them to take one course--I recommend the Natural Law, a great course very clearly articulated and well organized, given by Father Joseph Koterski, the editor-in-chief of the International Philosophical Quarterly and co-editor of the Fordham University Press Series in Moral Philosophy and Theology. The original price is 200 USD, but people can get it free from my ftp. My friend (who once was a dissident went to jail with a legendary story) offered the ftp space for me for free, which is worth thousands. No doubt, I am the only one in the world providing such a valuable free-service. I also uploaded two audio books read by the authors: Clinton's My Life, and Hilary's Living History. Clinton's life is very inspiring, but his voice might be too fast for young students to understand.
     
    After one year's solitude, I began exploring the city during weekends with a few friends who are interning in investment banks in downtown Manhattan. We went to museums, bookstores and we had discussions about various matters. I found that their mindset is essentially the same with that of the students in the Mainland, although they spent more than three years in the US. So the discussions often became my lectures inculcating on political theories, social psychology and legal reasoning, from which I could savor the distinctions between dialoguing with experts and novices.   As a Christian, I see no difference between God and the Truth. I thought of those people disliking me. If anyone, ignoring the fact that I spend at least 1.5 hours in average everyday on reading news and politics for the past five year, "hears your [my] point of view as stridently ideological and simple-minded", hence attacking both of my personality and ideas, it simply demonstrates that they lack fundamental respect to the truth with a damaged/closed mind: answering criticism by maliciously analyzing the motivations of the critic in terms of the theory itself. While I developed a fundamentally different mindset; I could recall when 11 years old, I wrote a poetic ultimatum spread over the entire grade, came to principle's office and resorted to a higher law to reject my teachers' authoritative/unjust punishment; people not only thought I was stridently ideological and simple-minded but also fatally stupid, crazy and insane. Every student was unjustly treated, but no one supported me; however, for the fear of being sent to court when my father intervened at a critical stage, the teachers receded, apologized, and I won at last. I considered that my recklessly courageous performance in the communist jails and uncompromised response to years of political oppression in China were merely echoes of that story.
     
    The potential of growth is the possible extent of changing mindset by reading wider and thinking deeper. From this sense, I see no wonderfulness from most of the students, especially those whose mindset changed LITTLE after spending years in the free society. I simply cannot imagine anyone who strongly favors dictatorship over China, however wonderful in your eyes and "well"-informed at Yale, should "have the potential to grow in stature" as to well perform a significant role in future civil service; for failure of recognizing that terrorism and despotism is the ultimate fountain of all evilness, would destroy one's ability to see through the nature of history. The later, the blind consequence would be severer. Despotism could only bring more terrible things for China.
     
    So, does history favor individuals like me who have decisive characters, energy of will and clarity of mind? If by history we mean not the poetic stories of successful individuals but the total reality and its processes of human civilization, the answer must be a negative. History recorded the Declaration of Independence, but history didn't respect it at all. Everyone is born unfree and unequal, subjected to social and psychological distinctions. I creatively applied Stockholm Syndrome to societies: Freedom and equality are scorn enemies; those who are below average economic ability desire equality; those who are conscious about their superior ability desire freedom, and the more suppressed, the more likely to get Stockholm Syndrome; the superior, the abler to impose the syndrome to others.    So religion is functioning and seemingly indispensable in every land and stage bringing supernatural comforts valued by millions of unhappy, suffering and bereaved souls as more precious than any natural aid.
     
    So, does history support a belief in God? If by God we mean not the creative vitality of nature but a supreme being intelligent and benevolent, history would not justify a belief in him. The religions like Christianity assured their followers that the good spirit would win in the end; but of this consummate finale history offers no guarantee. Nature and history do not agree with our conceptions of good and bad; they define good as that which survives, and bad as that which crushed; one piece of truth I learned from my comprehensive survey on Roman history is that the universe has no prejudice in favor of Christ as against Genghis Khan.
     
    Your letter about your thoughts on reason and faith inspired me so much, but eventually the horrible reality of my nation crushed my fantasy on Trinity. Like the moral development in Hellenist world had weakened the belief in quarrelsome and adulterous gods in the Olympus, the educated thoughts and Christian ethic slowly eroded Christian theology. To some sense, Jesus himself destroyed Jehovah. As for me, I believe in God not as a God of vengeance in the skies, but as the creative will and power of life in the world.  I believe that there is a supreme power that guides our universe, though this supreme power is not the incarnated God who does not care at all about any individuals; also, I see that natural law (the universal truth and values) is functioning and shaping the process of human civilization, though the law often becomes oblivious to some crimes. So many times our human history has proved that moral disorder may generate religious revival; Chinese society under the Communist despotism, now at its nadir of moral disorder, will need religions, namely Christianity, to play salvific roles for restoring the ethic order. I am not trying to be pretentious or sanctimonious; I only obey the lessons of history and will do anything possible to tackle problems on the track of saving the nation. If I am not for a better nation, seriously, I am contented to live in solitude and think like Socrates. By now I cannot understand the dynamism how the natural law works, but I see no reconciliation is possible between philosophy (reasons/logics) and religion except through philosophers' recognition that no substitute is found for the moral function of religion.
     
    Next semester, I will take a history-based course on Christianity and will read through the book you recommended: Religion-- if there is no God. One lesion of history is that religion has many lives, and a habit of resurrection; perhaps Christianity will resurrect again in my heart? The courses I am taking next semester are:
    ELEMENTARY LATIN I
    INTERMEDIATE MACROECONOMICS
    ANCIENT GREEK HIST, 800-146 BC
    CONTEMP WESTERN CIVILIZATION I
    CHRISTIANITY
    And I will also audit AMERICA SINCE 1945 given by Alan Brinkley--the provost of Columbia University and one of the best historians in his field.  
    June 07

    Constructing Love

    曾经我写给一位与我聊到个人情感问题的朋友的已做过隐私保护处理的回复。

     

    A self-centered boy with little grasp of reality is unable to provide happiness and safety to you. I hope that you will not, again, blind yourself by an unexamined ruling "principle" that obscures your ability to determine intelligence from opinion.

     

    Predicting a failure is the last thing I would do for you. But the difficulties that N and P had in the past are but the most recent and telling examples that suffices to show how hollow are promises and determinations to secure love with little preparation and spiritual maturity. 

     

    If you believe you gave your whole love to him, and if you wish you can spend the rest of your life with him, you need a vision that true love which based on raw love will not do; you two need time to think and learn and understand the most important theme that Jane Austin's book reveals:

     

    “As in any good love story, the lovers must elude and overcome numerous stumbling blocks, beginning with the tensions caused by the lovers' own personal qualities. Yet with her central characters, Austen suggests that true love is a force separate from society and one that can conquer even the most difficult of circumstances.”

     

    Love is a delicate plant that thrives only if the soil is carefully cultivated. For love to take root, there must be:

     

    A; an excellent level of personal respect and appreciation

    B; strong tendency of pursuing intellectual excellence

    C; a considerable stock of life experience

    D; respect for each others’ cultural customs and religious belief

    E; economical and spiritual independence

    F; a rich fabric of contact with true friends and outside world

     

    Once these are in place, constructing love requires:

     

    1; both are able to challenge one’s own life without taking anything as granted

    2; open and fair dialogues and conversations

    3; separation and cooperation of various responsibility

    4; little or no deceitfulness

    5; protection of each others’ free will and interests

     

    I know this is a great deal, but numerous stories have shown that less will not do.

     

    When many of these factors are lacking, and when your friends and classmates are quick to declare victory of love and even hastily marry —especially as independence loom — they lower the definition of true love, pinning the label on whatever they have concocted. Independence is a frequent fixture of these sleight-of-hand love stories. Currently the discussion about the future of you and him is focused on whether respect and independence will lead to formation of your hearts’ reunion.

     

    Our conversations disregarded the fact that neither will result in anything resembling love.  At best, your hearts reunion will be a very unsteady coalition. One side, the J, is controlled by his extreme self-centeredness which already governed his mind, life and work, and the insane dynamics wants to control whatever is against him. Another side, YOU, is controlled by blindness and marvelous inability of logical reasoning which governed your interpersonal contacts and interactions with him and other people. Together, these control about 80 percent of your love affairs. If they work together, which would be no mean feat, it would be more like a coalition between the church and the mafia in old Sicily than anything resembling a love.

     

    Assuming you two will not break up, a compelling level of continuing hurt must be expected, as we have seen in the past story of P's and already seen between you two. Although your temporary forbearance may not insist on introducing a “consultum ultimum” (a Latin word for “ultimate decree” I learned in Roman History class) to him based on life experience, it is likely for him to enforce various selfish concepts. We have seen this in the way N is treated in P’s past self-righteousness with its entirety of condemned blindness, despite what it says in his love letters that “you are the only best lover ever in my life that I swear to my heavenly god that you will feel no harm but happiness”. Other things, equally hopeless, are not likely to be respected any better for years to come if he sees no clearness, embraces no fundamental openness to challenge and exploration.

     

    It is better if such a horrible man is not labeled “in love”, so that when he loses credibility, love’s name is not muddied. If we must label such an affair, “post-tyrannical” will do.

     

    Your and his life and all other things concerned with love would be best served if you and your friends restrained your rhetoric, promised less and delivered more. The most that can be hoped for in the near future is to keep him from falling down, avoid self-abandon, stimulate his interests to the desire of self-driven intellectual excellence, and let him sort out what future life he is willing to embrace and strive for. Slowly, in time measured in years rather than months, he may well lay the foundation for a true love.

     

    ------------------------------------------

    Kong, Lingxi

     

    Columbia University

    5262 Lerner Hall

    New York, NY 10027

    June 04

    基督教与天主教的不同

    The very insightful comparison between Protestantism and Catholicism made by Pastor Chen has inevitably come to the well-drawn conclusion that many rituals and beliefs of Catholicism are anti-Bible, anti-Christ. I would advice you keep reading it with unfailing skepticism as to reject any words as truism. It is condescending to underestimate any intelligent people in the past were ahead or behind of time, for almost any kind of conclusion can be drawn by a careful selection of instances from such indifferent richness of history, for no one man, however brilliant or well-informed, can come in one lifetime to such fullness of understanding as to safely judge and dismiss the customs or institution of a society/religion--for these are wisdom of generations after centuries of experiment in the laboratory of history.


    基督教与天主教的不同

    (作者:陈终道牧师)

    许多人以为天主教和基督教没有甚么分别,甚至基督教范围内的基督徒也有同样的看法,以为两者之间非常接近,也有许多人以为基督教是从天主教分出来的 新教,这种思想和看法是错误的。他们只注意到马丁路得的改教运动产生了基督教,完全忘记自从耶稣降世一直到使徒时代,基督教便己经存在。天主教是使徒以后 基督教日趋腐化的产物。事实上,在第四世纪罗马王君士坦丁统治之前,在基督教里绝对没有教皇这一种位分。并且在第七世纪的初叶各教会才同意教皇作为教会中 看得见的元首。所以我们纵使按最保守的讲法,在第四世纪初叶以前根本就没有天主教,因为天主教最大的特点是有教皇,基督教乃是早在基督时代便开始存在的了。

      基督教和天主教在信仰上是绝对不相同的。宗教是讲究信仰的,不讲信仰的不是宗教。基督教的信仰和天主教的信仰有甚么差别?本文限于篇幅仅列举十点以为参考:

    一.教皇

      天主教以马太福音第十六章十六至十九节为根据,认为彼得为教会第一任教皇,这是十分牵强而且不成理由的。他们的根据是以耶稣曾对彼得说过这样的 话:“……你是彼得,我要把我的教会建造在这盘石上,阴间的权柄不能胜过他。”耶稣在这里所说的,“我要把我的教会建造在这盘石上”的盘石是指彼得本身抑 或是指彼得的信仰──你是基督,是永生神的儿子──我们暂且不谈原文的争论。但不论“这盘石”是指彼得本身,或是指彼得所承认的信仰,和教会中有教皇的位 分都是毫不相干的。相反的,耶稣明明教训门徒说:“你们知道外邦人有君王为主治理他们,有一臣操权管束他们,只是你们中间不可这样,你们中间谁愿为大就必 作你们的用人,谁愿为首就必作你们的仆人。正如人子来不是要受人的服事,乃是要服事人,并要舍命作多人的赎价。”(太二○:25-28)所以天主教有教皇 的设立是与圣经的明文直接冲突的。

      天主教传说彼得在主后四十二年到六十七年这二十五年中在罗马作教皇,这是完全没有圣经或历史根据的,而且在这些年间彼得是否到过罗马 也没有圣经的记载。保罗在主后五十六年左右写信给罗马教会,曾经向二十七位信徒问安,却没有提彼得的名向他问安,倘若当时彼得是在罗马,保罗是没有理由不 问彼得的安;因为彼得在他的书信中称保罗为“亲爱的弟兄保罗”,保罗又曾在罗马写过六封书信给其它各地教会,六封书信没有一封提过彼得的名字。天主教竟认 定彼得是第一任教皇,又擅自定了条例以为教皇必须有人承继。他们认为教会必须有看得见的元首,既然彼得是第一任教皇,就当有继承的人维持他的职位;可是他 们不能在历史上找出第二任教皇的记载。既然世上没有第一位的教皇,当然没有继任的教皇了!所以罗马教记戴他们历代的教皇历史时,从彼得以后到罗马教成立之 间,好些“教皇”都没有史实可记,况且使徒中最后离开世界的是使徒约翰,倘若教皇是应当有人继承的话,使徒约翰理当是最合适的人选了。可是年老的约翰在他 的书信中没有半点吐露他是教皇,只称自己为长老,反而在他所写的启示录中,极力高举耶稣基督为万主之主,万王之王。

    二.拜马利亚

      天主教敬拜主耶稣也敬拜马利亚,甚至高举马利亚过于神和主耶稣。他们认为马利亚是永远童贞的女子,在生了主耶稣后没有和约瑟过夫妇生活,马利亚 是耶稣的生母,耶稣既是圣子,马利亚便是当然的圣母。人要向耶稣求甚么,应先向马利亚求,通过她的代求,必能蒙应允,如此便把马利亚视为人与耶稣之间的中 保。把马利亚的地位抬高,实际上便是贬低耶稣中保的地位,这种讲法违背圣经的真理。

      1. 圣经记载的马利亚是约瑟的妻子,在马太福音第一章明载天使吩咐约瑟把她娶过来作他正式的妻子。在第一章的末了一节如此说:“只是没有和她同房,等他生了儿 子。”小字注明“有古卷作等他生了头胎的儿子。”这一节经文很明显给我们看见约瑟娶过马利亚以后,并没有亲近她,但等她生了耶稣以后才过夫妻生活。

      2. 马可福音第六章三节记载耶稣还有许多兄弟姊妹,耶稣本乡的人议论祂的时候说:“这不是那木匠么?不是马利亚的儿子、雅各布、约西、犹大、西门的长兄么?他妹 妹们不也是在我们这里么?可见马利亚除了生耶稣之外,又生雅各布、约西、犹大、西门和耶稣的妹妹们,倘若约瑟没有和她亲近,她怎样会再生这些孩子呢?难道约 瑟娶了这个妻子以后,却另外再娶?既有妻子却又另娶,岂不是犯奸淫?另娶之后,如何处置发妻?无法自圆其说。

      3. 按圣经的记载马利亚和主耶稣除了在肉身的关系是母子以外,她便和其它的信徒一样只是一个人而已,如使徒行传第一章第十四节记载马利亚和其它一百一十九名信徒一样的向主祷告,马利亚和普通信徒只有一样不同,就是她把身体献上被主使用,让主道成肉身到世上来。

      使徒保罗在提摩太前书第二章五节说:“因为只有一位神,在神和人中间,只有一位中保,乃是降世为人的基督耶稣。”注意:“只有一位”, 不能在基督以外另有一位中保,这一点明明违背圣经。倘若马利亚或是其它去世的圣徒能代信徒转达祷告的话,便是说他们也是信徒和主耶稣之间的中保,圣经完全 没有这样的记载证明基督之外另有中保。

    三.敬奉偶像

      天主教是敬奉偶像的宗教,基督教则是完全拒绝偶像的。照毛劳主教所写的“我的公教信仰”中曾论到每一位天主教徒最少要供奉圣母像和耶稣受苦像。 除了向上述两像敬礼外,还主张信徒要向一些圣徒的像敬礼。他们称对神行的礼是“崇敬之礼”,对圣徒像则是“敬礼之礼”,不是要拜圣人,乃是表示尊敬而已; 因为圣人是天主的朋友,我们理当向他们敬礼。这便和圣经的明训有冲突。十诫的第二诫是这样:“不可为自己雕刻偶像,也不可作甚么形象,彷佛上天、下地、和 地底下、水中的百物,不可跪拜那些像,也不可事奉它,因我耶和华你的神是忌邪的神。”又罗马书第一章二十二至二十三节中说“自称为聪明,反成了愚拙,将不 能朽坏之神的荣耀变为偶像,彷佛必朽坏的人和飞禽走兽昆虫的样式。”天主教对偶像行敬礼,明明违反了圣经的教训,圣经叫我们不可事奉偶像,不可把神的荣耀 变为偶像,基督荣耀的形像不是人心所设想的偶像所能代替的。

      天主教解释说他们不认为那些像为偶像,所行的敬礼不过对圣人表示尊敬之意而已,这是取巧的说法,实际上和敬拜偶像是没有分别的。照圣 经的话,我们就算敬拜耶稣的像也不对的,何况敬拜马利亚及其它圣人的像呢﹖天主教徒常站在教堂内外的圣徒像前念经敬礼,实际上取代了对独一神的敬拜,否认 对像敬礼是“最高的敬礼”是巧辩而已。

    四.圣经与遗传

      毛劳主教在“我的公教信仰”第一册论到公教和圣经那一章中有两小段的话说“只有圣而公教会从天主获得解释圣经的权力,任何人不可作与圣而公教会 的传解相反的解释。”另一段又说:“圣经中并没有完全包括了为救灵魂而必须的全部真理。”举例来说,天主教徒必须守主日才能得救,但是在全部圣经中从创世 记到启示录找不到一句确定必须善守主日的诫命。

      这两小段话可说是天主教对圣经的主要看法,一方面他们认为圣经没有包括整个救恩真理,换句话来说在圣经以外教会仍可以从神另得启示, 指示人如何得救。他们不但不根据圣经并无记载人必须守主日才可以得救,以说明守主日不是得救的条件,反而凭天主教会定规了要守主日才能得救,而断定了“圣 经不是包括救灵魂的必须全部真理”!真是本末倒置,是非颠倒。由此可见天主教把教会的权力放在圣经之上,以为圣经的真理还不够完全,从而擅自定规各种诫 命。

      请看圣经如何指出他们的错误来:启示录第二十二章第十八至第十九节说:“我向一切听见这书上豫言的作见证,若有人在这豫言上加添甚 么,神必将写在这书上的灾祸加在他身上;这书上的预言,若有人删去甚么,神必从这书上所写的生命树和圣城,删去他的分。”从启示录的末了给我们看见神的启 示已经完全,人不能再在圣经以外加增甚么启示,教会无权力设立圣经以外的真理,只可以照圣经真理来定规她的原则,指导信徒在信仰上和生活上实行真理。

      “并且知道你是从小明白圣经,这圣经能使你因信基督耶稣有得救的智慧,圣经都是神所默示的,于教训、督责、使人归正、教导人学义,都是有益的,叫属神的人得以完全,预备行各样的善事。” (提后三:15-17)

      注意:提摩太是从小明白圣经,不是作传道才明白圣经的,乃是在他还是一个犹太教徒,没有遇见保罗以前,已经明白圣经。可见早在使徒时代人人可以阅读那些远较新约难明的旧约圣经,任何基督徒可以借着圣灵的教导领悟圣经的话,绝不是只有神父或圣品人才可以明白圣经的。

      “圣经都是神所默示的。”换句话来说,只有神默示的才是圣经,只有圣经才是神的启示,人不能在圣经以外说他得了神的启示。主耶稣在约翰 福第五章第三十九节说:“你们查考圣经(小字或作应当查考圣经),因你们以为内中有永生,给我作见证的就是这经。”可见基督徒是应该查考圣经的。

      在旧约,摩西勉励以色列人要殷勤把神的律法教导他们的儿女,无论坐在家里、行在路上,躺下、起来都要谈论,也要系在手上为记号,带在额上为经文,可见普遍的人当读圣经而明白圣经。

      使徒保罗称赞庇哩亚人比帖撒罗尼迦的人好,“因他们甘心领受这道,天天查考圣经。”(徒一七:11)可见照圣经的记载,每一个基督徒应该读圣经。

      为甚么天主教说圣经并不包括整个救恩真理﹖因为他们有许多规条是没有圣经根据的,是受异教影响加上去的,而且教会的权威实际上高过圣经。

    五.大小罪与炼狱

      天主教把罪分成大罪和小罪,大罪即该死罪,使灵魂死的罪,小罪就是不致于死的罪。“我的公教信仰”第二十章说:“大罪也称为死罪,因它夺去成圣 的恩宠,……亵渎圣神,杀人,纵火,抢劫,奸淫等都是大罪。小罪即可赦免之罪,意即易得赦免的罪。如不忍耐,小过错,不关重要的谎言等。”在“我的公教信 仰”第二十七章又说:“在不大重要的事上犯了罪,便是小罪,或者有时虽在重大的事件上犯罪的人并未想到事情的重大,或未完全同意所犯的罪仍是小罪,如某人 偷了一只钻石戒指,原意以为只是假造膺品,那他所犯的罪便是小罪。”他们认为大罪必须借着圣洗,告解、圣事才得赦免,小罪使人失去神的恩典。人若犯了小 罪,还未做补赎的工夫便死亡,他的灵魂会下到炼狱,要迟一些时才能进天堂。这些教训完全没有圣经的根据。圣经对罪虽有轻重之说,对赦罪之道却没有大小之 别。天主教以无关重要的谎言是属于小罪,但圣经怎样论到谎言的罪呢﹖圣经说:“惟有胆怯的,不信的,可憎的,杀人的、淫乱的、行邪术的、拜偶像的、和一切 说谎话的,他们的分就在烧着硫磺的火湖里,这是第二次的死。”(启二一:8)请注意这里说“一切说谎话的”没有说是紧要的或是不紧要的谎言,显然圣经认为 一切说谎话的都该灭亡的。谎言的罪不是小罪,和其它使人灭亡的罪同样是大罪,主耶稣说:“人在最小的事上忠心,在大事上也忠心;在最小的事上不义,在大事 上也不义。”(路一六:10)。圣经论到人因罪而灭亡的时候,没有分大小罪的。“罪的工价乃是死。”(罗六:23)又说:“世人都犯了罪,亏缺了神的荣 耀。”(罗三:23)“亏缺了神的荣耀”包括一切罪。

      至于人死先到炼狱,为仍在炼狱之亲友多做功德,可使他们早升天堂,与佛教的念经、做法事来超度死人极为接近,与福音真理背道而驰。

    六.神父赦罪

      天主教对信徒犯了罪认为当向神父告解,借着神父的宣告才得赦罪。他们主要的根据是在约翰福音第二十章二十二至二十三节耶稣对十二门徒所说的话。 但十二门徒之中没有一个是神父。主耶稣在约翰福音第二十章二十二至二十三节的应许是为着向外传福音用的,却不是说门徒自己有赦罪权,或说信徒当得着他们的 赦免才算得赦罪,使徒行传第八章使徒彼得遇到行邪术的西门,他企图向彼得买按手在人身上而赐下圣灵的恩赐,彼得对他说:“你的银子和你一同灭亡吧,因你想 神的恩赐是可以用钱买的,你在这道上无关无分,因为在神面前,你的心不正。(请注意下面一节)你当懊悔你这罪恶,祈求主……叫你们所说的,没有一样临到我 身上。”请注意西门是在主的道上无关无分的人,却希望彼得求主使他不致于受刑罚咒诅。彼得告诉他,你当懊悔这罪祈求主。彼得要他自己祈求主,不是求彼得的 赦免。此外,在使徒行传第五章,彼得曾使亚拿尼亚和撒非拉在众人面前死亡,保罗在第十三章使以吕马瞎眼,他们运用的都是属灵方面的权柄,不是因为他们有一 个特殊的地位,人家便都得来向他们认罪,乃是他们自己有那种灵性的程度,便按他们的信心运用属灵的权柄。他们照神的旨意咒诅甚么人,甚么人便受咒诅,但现 今的神父并没有彼得保罗的属灵权柄。彼得保罗运用这些权柄的时候,也不是要人向他认罪,乃是行出惩罚性的神迹来。圣经也没有给我们看见信徒要向古圣徒认罪 的例证。使徒约翰在他的书信中说:“若有人犯罪,在父那里我们有一位中保,就是那义者耶稣基督。”他要信徒向义者耶稣基督认罪。约翰壹书第一章第九节: “我们若认自己的罪,神是信实的,是公义的,必要赦免我们的罪。洗净我们一切的不义。”

      撒该悔改的时候,是向主耶稣认罪还是向使徒认罪﹖在主十字架旁的强盗并没有向神父告解,更没有从神父得着赦免的凭据,耶稣却应许他当天便可以和祂在乐园里了。

    七.圣体和弥撒

      天主教根据耶稣和门徒最后晚餐所设立的圣餐礼仪所说的话:“这是我的身体,为你们舍的……这是我立新约的血,为多人流出。”因此他们认为圣餐的 饼和葡萄汁经过祝福之后,便变成真的耶稣的身体和耶稣的血,而且还有耶稣的人性和神性隐藏在饼和杯里,这就是天主教变质不变形的讲法。并进而推论说,既然 杯和饼经过祝福而成为主耶稣的圣体,饼和杯的任何一部也包括了耶稣基督的灵魂和神性人性的全部。在“我的公教信仰”一书中论及圣体还有以下的话:“念了圣 体经,祭台再没有饼和酒的存在,因为饼酒变成了耶稣的圣体圣血,但是饼酒的形像却还存在,所谓形像便是饼酒的颜色滋味软硬、大小、轻重等,祝福过了的圣 体,就表面与原有的面饼完全一样,口味感觉也和原饼完全一样,但是它己经不是面饼,因为它整个的本质已经变作耶稣的圣体。”又说:

      “另外任何一部分面形和任何一滴酒液内都有整个的耶稣存在,面形可以剖分,耶稣的圣体却不可以剖分。原是完整地存在每一个最小的部分中。”另一段又说:

      “耶稣既然确实在圣体中,我人该怎样恭敬圣体﹖”

      “我人恭敬圣体当如对天主本身一样的恭敬朝拜。”

      “祭台上的圣龛中几时供有圣体,前面使用绣帘掩任,并燃着一盏常明灯,我人在进堂和出堂的时候,常该向圣体曲膝请安,用表朝拜。”又说:

      “为要表现我人爱慕耶稣和感恩的挚情,每天可以进堂拜圣体、望弥撒、领圣体。”

      所以有些虔诚天主教徒的家中设有耶稣的像,也有“常明灯”;因为有耶稣的圣体在其中,要经常朝拜。由于天主教相信祝福过的酒和饼就是耶 稣圣体本身──真正的耶稣,所以他们经常举行弥撒,把隐藏在酒和饼的耶稣当作祭物再次的献祭给神来为人赎罪,他们每一次这样举行弥撒,就是多一次把主耶稣 重钉在十字架上,所以天主教举行的弥撒和基督教守圣餐有不同的意义。天主教的弥撒是要将耶稣再献给神为人赎罪,使人得赦罪;基督教的圣餐是要记念主在十字 架为我们受苦所付救赎之功,是记念的性质,而天主教乃是朝拜之意。

      当逾越节的那一天晚上,主耶稣拿起饼来说:“这是我的身体,你们拿来吃。又说,这是我的血,为多人流出来。”当主耶稣把饼和酒递给门 徒的时候,是否这饼和酒正式变成主耶稣的身体﹖其实耶稣那时还站在他们面前,饼和酒都没有变作另一个主耶稣的身体和血,天主教就是这样咬文嚼字地按字面强 解了圣经真理。

      主耶稣曾说我是葡萄树,祂没有真的变成葡萄树。主耶稣说我是门,也没有真的变成门。使徒保罗在哥林多前书第十一章很明显说明耶稣所祝 福的饼和酒是表明主的死。请看哥林多前书第十一章二十六节:“你们每逢吃这饼、喝这杯、是表明主的死,直等到他来。”并没有说这饼就是主的身体和主的血, 乃是要表明主的死。天主教把充满记念基督的爱和代死意义的仪式,作为信徒敬拜的对象。使人在敬拜独一神以外又敬拜一切代表独一神的东西,就是神所厌恶的偶 像及其同类品。

      希伯来书第九章二十五至二十六节──“也不是多次将自己献上,像那大祭司每年带着牛羊的血进入圣所。如果这样,他从创世以来,就必多次受苦了,但如今在这末世显现一次,把自己献为祭,好除掉罪。”注意:这里明明说耶稣不是多次将自己献上,乃是一次献上。

      又第十章十至十二节──“我们凭这旨意,靠耶稣基督只一次献上他的身体,就得以成圣……但基督献了一次永远的赎罪祭,就在神的右边坐下 了。”这里一再的强调主耶稣只一次献上身体,成就了永远赎罪的事。现今我们每逢多得一次赦免,并不是说耶稣又多一次为我们钉在十架上。乃是根据耶稣那一次 为我们在十字架献上自己为祭,赎了我们的罪,那一次的功劳存在到永远,我们是继续的支取祂那一次的功荣而得赦免,却不是把耶稣不断的一再拿来献祭,好像天 主教所说饼和酒经过祝福,及念圣体经以后便成为有神性人性全备的耶稣圣体,然后把圣体献祭给神再一次为我们赎罪。这正是希伯来书所说的,是将耶稣重钉十字 架上,明明的羞辱祂。

    八.功德赦罪

      天主教和基督教在教义上和信仰上最大的不同是基督教是因信称义,凭恩典得救;天主教是凭功德赦罪得救。天主教的一切仪式和重要礼仪都一样有功 劳,使信徒可以减轻罪孽而得若干赦免,对他们的得救更有助益而已。在“我的公教信仰”一书中论及圣体和终傅,就是临终圣事第十五面中有一段关于终傅的讲解 如下:

      下面的一段经文是附有临终大赦的,经文是:“吁,我天主我今准备甘心领受尔手赐我之任何情形之死亡,及一切烦恼、愁苦及病痛、如尔圣意。”又说:

      “人在没有病的时候,告解领圣体后,发爱天主的心情,诵念上面的经文,可得一个全大赦,并有临终大赦的效力。我们该知道,妥善得到一个全大赦,可使死后直升天堂,为此我人该怎样热切辅助病人,为得到这样的神恩呢﹖又说:

      “假如我人把这些浪费的金钱用到弥撒和行哀矜等善功去,那对死者的灵魂会有更大的益处。”

      这些都是将功赎罪的方法,是世人自己设想的方法,并不是圣经中凭恩典得救的原则。

      又如洗礼,他们称为圣洗,基督教的洗礼是见证现在的我不再是我,已经归入耶稣基督的死,与祂同死,同埋葬同复活,天主教的洗礼却是除罪功效的仪式。“我的公教仰”中关于洗礼如此说:

      “圣洗是吾主耶稣亲立的圣事,为消灭求进圣教人的原罪本罪,并一切罪罚,使成天主和圣教会的义子,也就得到领别件圣事的名分。”

      论到圣洗的效能又说:“圣洗是唯一的赦免原罪的圣事,它赦免我人的罪和本罪,并赦免罪恶所当受的暂罚。”

      又如天主教相信念经有赦罪的功效,天主经就是主耶稣教导门徒祷告的祷文,圣母经是马利亚受圣灵感动所称颂主的话。他们以为念圣母经,由 圣母转达他们的祷告而得神的恩典和赦免。他们念经的时候手拿一串念珠,一面念一面算,念珠中有大珠,也有小珠。数小珠的时候便念圣母经,数大珠的时候便念 天主经,每逢念了五十篇圣母经,五遍天主经,便算为一份玫瑰经,他们以为玫瑰经附有许多大赦,如果教徒拿着附大赦的念珠来念玫瑰经,每逢念一次天主经或圣 母经,或是圣三光荣颂,便可以得着三百日大赦。凡是这一类的事天主教都视为十分隆重的仪式,完全是用功德叫人得赦罪的原理。但是圣经告诉我们得救只有一个 方法,就是出于神的恩典。以弗所书第二章八至九节──“你们得救是本乎恩,也因着信,这并不是出于自己,乃是神所赐的,也不是出于行为,免得有人自夸。” 天主教这一切的仪式是和圣经的明文完全冲突的,虽然天主教也讲信心和恩典,但他们却把信心也看作是行为的一种。圣经却告诉我们得救的信心“不是出于自己, 也不是出于行为”。天主教的恩典是用工价得来的,但是圣经说:“作工的得工价不算恩典,乃是该得的,惟有不作工的,只信称罪人为义的神,他的信就算为 义。”(罗四:4-5)

    九.圣体游行

      天主教有每年例定的若干日子为“圣体游行”典礼:(1) 在“游行队的前面常用苦像引导。两旁一对蜡烛,有时也张打旗帜等。(2) 除了圣体游行外,通常要捧圣像等。”

      “圣体”游行,特指抬耶稣像游行。“在游行中,司铎恭捧着圣体,供在特备的露天的祭台上,供人朝拜。”(我的公教信仰第六册页“苦像”即耶稣受苦像)

      事实上天主教除了抬耶稣的“圣体”游行之外,还另有不同的节日“恭捧”其它古圣徒的像游行。而游行的目的是在公众前表现他们所信的,并联合众人的祈祷恳求天父的仁慈。这类事跟拜菩萨的人在菩萨节日抬偶像游行,以宣扬他们所信的偶像之灵验,并求菩萨保佑赐福的用意相同。

    十.圣徒神化

      中国人民间迷信所拜的神明,不分儒、释、道,多半都是本国历史上的圣人,英雄……被人升格为神,而成为众民敬拜的对象,由于这些由人升格为神的 神明愈来愈多,所以通常拜偶像的人仅特选一二或三数个神明作为特别虔诚膜拜的对象。天主教则把圣经或教会历史中的人物神化,并教导信徒恳求圣徒代祷。“我 的公教信仰”第三册“敬礼圣母和圣人”一章中说:

      “……当我们领洗的时候,要取一位圣人的名字作圣名;年中每日都要纪念一位或数位圣人。圣堂中悬挂着圣人们的圣像。此外在弥撒中、祷文和公共祈祷中,常在呼求着圣人们的代祷。

      在一切圣像中,我们首先敬重苦像,那是我人得救的象征…… ”

      “公教人临终时,手中要捧苦像。这苦像要陪他到坟墓中去。每一个公教家庭,都应该有一尊苦像,供奉在适宜的地方。”

      总括来说,天主教的教义和基督教的教义不单不相同,更是相背。天主教的原理和中国人拜菩萨的原理相似。虽然天主教用了圣经的人物和名词,却是民间迷信的原理,所以天主教和基督教是完全两样的宗教。

      有人建议天主教和基督教合一,这不是从信仰的立场提出的要求,乃是按属世利益方面或对世界政治影响力方面而提出的主张。从信仰立场来说,基督教和天主教是应当分开的,绝不应当合一。

    Reason and Faith

    Doubt is a necessary part of faith. The belief that God has a plan guiding the universe is an element of faith, not of philosophy, and therefore something for which there is no rational evidence, only intuitive "evidence" of a kind rationalists can easily attack but not silence.  The fact that good people get crushed in the course of nature or of history (something that has always been perfectly clear to Jews and Christians) is the sort of "evidence" that appeals to anti-theist rationalists, but is of virtually no significance to someone radically oriented to the love of God.  Suffering is a part of God's plan, for reasons we cannot ultimately understand.  But it is only one of many things that we cannot ultimately understand -- probably because our minds are not adapted to understand them. 

     

    In the end, you have to believe either that reason is the final and total key to everything -- but with the consequence that the world, and reason itself, will seem "unreasonable" and ethics an empty game of words; or that HUMAN reason is a necessary but finally limited and inadequate guide to reality, and that our minds cannot get beyond it, except through intuitive possibilities that will never be open to rational proof or disproof.  (We are more than our reason.  The world is more than what our reason tells us it is.) The latter perception is the door to faith.   

     

    Faith and reason are both paths to "understanding" and to truth.  They aren't a perfect fit, but by and large they do work well together.  I think that both reason and faith are gifts of God and will ultimately be reconciled.  Or to put it another way, anyone who honestly and wholeheartedly seeks the truth will find something worth knowing; in the end, by God's grace, he will be blessed with the discovery of the Truth, the transrational Reality, which emerges from the mystery of God the Holy Trinity.